Formerly: Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research

Contributions to Tob. Res. ONL

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Factors of stress induce important alterations in gene expression of plants. In tobacco, new molecular species (absent in healthy plants) appear in stress conditions; they may result from both gene derepression and posttran-scriptional events. These molecules can be regarded as markers of stress. Two groups of markers are observed: non-specific, which are induced by various stresses of different origin (pathogens or abiotic factors), and specific, appearing as a response to a definite stress. We established that non-specific markers in tobacco leaves are lipid peroxides, pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins, one acidic peroxidase isoenzyme (relative electrophoretic mobility (REM) 0.34), phenylamides, and chlorogenoquinones. In tobacco seedlings non-specific stress markers are three acidic peroxidase isoenzymes (REM 0.51, 0.60, 0.72), as well as PR-proteins. Peroxidase activity is also increased as a response to all stress factors studied in both tobacco leaves and seedlings. A specific marker of endoparasitic fungal pathogenesis (ex: P. tabacina) in tobacco leaves and seedlings is the dramatic increase of ss-glucosidase activity. This response was not induced by other pathogens (bacteria, viruses) and abiotic factors. Hence, the non-specific markers are informative for stress situation independently of the nature of stress factors, and can be suggested as components of a general defence system in tobacco. Specific markers may be used for diagnostic purposes, and as a basis for engineering of stress resistant genotypes.</abstract>

Abstract

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

<article-title>Specific and Non-specific Markers of Stress in Tobacco</article-title>

Specific and Non-specific Markers of Stress in Tobacco

{"article-title":"Specific and Non-specific Markers of Stress in Tobacco"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>A comparative study of the mainstream smoke chemical composition of major brands of cigarettes produced in Greece has been conducted. The concentrations of tar, nicotine, CO and cadmium in the mainstream smoke of 32 cigarette brands were determined. In addition, the concentration of Cd in cigarette tobacco was also measured and the transfer rate of Cd from tobacco to smoke was calculated. Smoking of cigarettes and determination of tar, nicotine and CO were carried out by the ISO standard methods (ISO 8243, 3308, 4387, 10315, 10362, 3402, 8454), while the concentration of Cd was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry coupled with a graphite furnace (GF-AAS) after acid digestion of tobacco and total particulate matter (TPM) samples. Results were explained in relation to technical specifications of cigarettes. Depending on the amount of tar, cigarettes were classified into seven groups: non filter (NF), 100 mm long cigarettes (L 100), high (H), medium (M), low (L), super low (SL) and ultra low tar yields (UL). Low concentrations of Cd were found in the tobacco of most cigarette brands (94-572 ng/cig), thus resulting in low Cd concentrations in TPM (2-55 ng/cig). The transfer rates of Cd from cigarette tobacco to TPM ranged from 2 % (UL) up to 12 % (H). Relationships among the measured parameters were investigated by the Spearman correlation analysis. Concentrations of cadmium in TPM were strongly correlated with tar and followed the variation of Cd concentrations in cigarette tobacco. However, this tendency was not observed in ultra light cigarettes probably because of a cigarette ventilation effect. The transfer percentage of Cd in TPM was highly correlated with tar, although it was independent of the initial concentration of Cd in tobacco. Finally, factor analysis showed that concentrations of tar, nicotine, and CO in mainstream smoke were influenced by technical specifications of cigarettes, while concentrations of Cd in TPM were influenced by the initial level of Cd in tobacco.</abstract>

Aristotele University, Thessaloniki, Greece

<article-title>Yields of Cadmium, Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide in Mainstream Smoke of Greek Cigarettes: A Comparative Study</article-title>

Yields of Cadmium, Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide in Mainstream Smoke of Greek Cigarettes: A Comparative Study

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>A field experiment was carried out in 1996 in Central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120 kg h-1 N) of Virginia tobacco (cv. K394) in terms of net assimilation, growth and yield. Measurements of net leaf assimilation of CO2 were taken at midday under conditions of strong sunlight (<italic>Anhigh</italic>) using a portable infra-red gas analyzer and at decreasing photosynthetic photon flux density by shading the leaves with filters (<italic>An vs PPFD</italic>). For <italic>An vs PPFD</italic> measurements the <italic>Anmax</italic> value was calculated as the asymptote of the function proposed by CONNOR et al. (1). Growth was analysed by taking weekly samples to determine the fresh and dry weight and LAI (Leaf Area Index).Before topping, <italic>Anhigh</italic> (average assimilation found in lower, middle and upper leaves) rose in proportion to increased levels of N (14.7, 17.2, 20.2 μmolm-2 s-1, for 0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 N respectively). After topping, <italic>Anhigh</italic> also grew with increased levels of N, but at a lower rate (6.8, 7.2 and 8.2μmol m-2 s-1, respectively).Similarly, for each of the three fertilization methods (N0, N60 and N120) the increase in <italic>Anmax</italic> in relation to N levels was greater before topping than afterwards (i.e. 18.7, 23.3, 26.3 μmolm-2 s-1 before topping compared to 7.5, 14.0 and 17.8 μmol m-2 s-1 after topping for each treatment respectively). The decrease of CO2 assimilation after topping was probably caused by the accumulation of soluble photo assimilates in the leaf which could have led to a feed-back control on leaf photosynthesis. In N60 and N120 treatments, which had the same leaf expansion rate of 0.14 m2 m-2 d-1 (m2 of leaf on m2 of soil per day), the rapid leaf expansion phase started about 40 days after transplanting, while it started some days later in N0 (rate of 0.11 m2 m-2 d-1). That phase ended at topping in N60 and N120, while in N0 it ended some days before topping. Biomass accumulation followed the same pattern of LAI. The rapid biomass accumulation phase was characterised by growth rates of 9, 16 and 19 g d.m. m-2 d-1, respectively for the N0, N60 and N120 treatments but did not end at topping. This confirms that assimilate accumulation occurred after topping but was not accompanied by leaf expansion. At fertilization rates of 0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 the yields of cured leaf tobacco were 3226, 4202 and 4839 kg ha-1 respectively.</abstract>

Dipartimento di Arboricoltura e ProtezionedellePiante, Perugia, Italy

<article-title>Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Photosynthetic Activity, Growth and Yield of Virginia Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.)</article-title>

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Photosynthetic Activity, Growth and Yield of Virginia Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference (TSRC), held in Montreal on September 12-15, 1999, was attended by about 300 scientists; 82 papers and 11 posters were presented. A keynote theme of the Conference was addressed in the Symposium on “Genetics and the Future of Tobacco”, with four contributions focussing on the effects of modern gene technology on tobacco growing, possible uses of transgenic tobacco and the main areas of research in this field, as well as consumer acceptance of transgenic products and regulatory issues, respectively.</abstract>

Verband der Cigarettenindustrie, Koenigswinterer Str. 550, 53227 Bonn, Germany

<article-title>Conference Report: 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference (TSRC), September 12-15, 1999, in Montreal, Canada</article-title>

Conference Report: 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference (TSRC), September 12-15, 1999, in Montreal, Canada

Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research is covered by the following services: <ul> <li> Baidu Scholar </li> <li> Biobase </li> <li> CABI (over 50 subsections) </li> <li> Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - CAplus </li> <li> Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - SciFinder </li> <li> CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) </li> <li> CNPIEC - cnpLINKer </li> <li> Dimensions </li> <li> DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) </li> <li> EBSCO </li> <li> ExLibris </li> <li> Genamics JournalSeek </li> <li> Google Scholar </li> <li> Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) </li> <li> J-Gate </li> <li> JournalGuide </li> <li> JournalTOCs </li> <li> KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders) </li> <li> MyScienceWork </li> <li> Naver Academic </li> <li> Naviga (Softweco) </li> <li> ProQuest </li> <li> Publons </li> <li> QOAM (Quality Open Access Market) </li> <li> ReadCube </li> <li> SCImago (SJR) </li> <li> SCOPUS </li> <li> Semantic Scholar </li> <li> TDNet </li> <li> Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb </li> <li> WanFang Data </li> <li> WorldCat (OCLC) </li> <li> X-MOL </li> </ul>

Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research ist in den folgenden Services indiziert: <ul> <li> Baidu Scholar </li> <li> Biobase </li> <li> CABI (over 50 subsections) </li> <li> Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - CAplus </li> <li> Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - SciFinder </li> <li> CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) </li> <li> CNPIEC - cnpLINKer </li> <li> Dimensions </li> <li> DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) </li> <li> EBSCO </li> <li> ExLibris </li> <li> Genamics JournalSeek </li> <li> Google Scholar </li> <li> Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) </li> <li> J-Gate </li> <li> JournalGuide </li> <li> JournalTOCs </li> <li> KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders) </li> <li> MyScienceWork </li> <li> Naver Academic </li> <li> Naviga (Softweco) </li> <li> ProQuest </li> <li> Publons </li> <li> QOAM (Quality Open Access Market) </li> <li> ReadCube </li> <li> SCImago (SJR) </li> <li> SCOPUS </li> <li> Semantic Scholar </li> <li> TDNet </li> <li> Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb </li> <li> WanFang Data </li> <li> WorldCat (OCLC) </li> <li> X-MOL </li> </ul>

Advisory Board　　　 Bernhard Eitzinger, delfortgroup AG, Traun, Austria Ernest Groman, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Daniel Heck, HeckTox LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA Anne Fisher, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Xie Jianping, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China Hubert Klus, St. Pölten, Austria John H. Lauterbach, Lauterbach &amp; Associates LLC, Macon, GA, USA Ramsey Lewis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Chuan Liu, Southampton, UK Michael W. Ogden, Ogden Ology, LLC, Lewisville, NC, USA Thilo Paschke, Japan Tobacco International SA, Geneva, Switzerland Stephen W. Purkis, Bristol, UK Elmar Richter, Walther Straub Institute, Department of Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany Wolfram Roeper, Hamburg, Germany Wolfgang Trinkies, Bayreuth, Germany　 Andreas Zemann, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Editors Wolf-Dieter Heller Gerhard Scherer Editorial Office Barbara Boenke Brigitte Müller Anja Thielen Contact <A href="mailto:editors@beitraege-bti.de">editors@beitraege-bti.de</A> Publisher De Gruyter Poland Bogumiła Zuga 32A Str. 01-811 Warsaw, Poland T: +48 22 701 50 15

<DIV align=left> Please submit your manuscripts to Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research via Editorial Manager system to: <A href="http://www.editorialmanager.com/btfi">www.editorialmanager.com/btfi</A> Open Access License Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer <A href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International Lizenz</A> (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Autoren, die in dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlichen, behalten alle Urheberrechte und stimmen den Bedingungen der oben genannten CC BY-NC-SA 4.0-Lizenz zu. </DIV>

Please submit your manuscripts to Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research via Editorial Manager system to: <A href="http://www.editorialmanager.com/btfi">www.editorialmanager.com/btfi</A> Open Access Statement The journal is an Open Access journal that allows a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Copyright Policy All publications are licensed under a <A href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</A> (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. Article Processing Changes To publish in CTNR, authors are not required to pay an Article Processing Charge

Contributions to Tobacco and Nicotine Research (formerly: Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International / Contribution to Tobacco Research International) publishes articles with a focus on tobacco, nicotine, and related consumer products. In addition, all aspects of research on the tobacco plant as well as on product technology and manufacturing are relevant for the Journal. Products of interest comprise (i) combustible tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, pipes, etc.), (ii) smokeless tobacco (SLT) products (snuff, snus, chewing tobacco, etc.), (iii) tobacco heating products (THP), (iv) electronic cigarettes (e-cigs, w/o nicotine), (v) oral nicotine delivery (OND) products. All scientific investigations on product-related properties (including physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological properties) as well as on the influence on consumers’ behavior and response (including acute and long-term product use patterns and biomarker profiles) are considered for publication. Submissions can be of the following types: original investigations, reviews, short reports commentaries, letters to the editor. Fields covered by the Journal <UL> <LI>Research into the tobacco plant </LI> <UL> <LI>Tobacco plant </LI> <LI>Metabolism </LI> <LI>Cultivation </LI> <LI>Pesticides Biotechnology (Plant pathology, Mycology, Microbiology) </LI> </UL></UL> <UL> <LI>Manufacture of tobacco products </LI> <UL> <LI>Processing of tobacco </LI> <LI>Flavor </LI> <LI>Manufacture of cigarettes and other products </LI> <LI>Tobacco and environment </LI> <LI>Chemical engineering including physical chemistry </LI> </UL></UL> <UL> <LI>Analysis and properties of tobacco smoke </LI> <UL> <LI>Physical properties </LI> <LI>Chemical properties </LI> <LI>Combustion studies </LI> <LI>Mainstream/sidestream smoke </LI> <LI>Filter studies </LI> <LI>Special substances </LI> <LI>Analytical methods </LI> <LI>Machine smoking </LI> </UL></UL> <UL> <LI>Tobacco products other than cigarettes </LI> <UL> <LI>Cigars / cigarillos </LI> <LI>Pipe tobacco </LI> <LI>Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products (snuff, snus, chewing tobacco) </LI></UL> <LI>New products </LI> <UL> <LI>Tobacco heating products (THP) </LI> <LI>Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs, w/o nicotine) </LI> <LI>Oral nicotine devices (OND, e.g., nicotine pouches) </LI> </UL></UL> <UL> <LI>Human smoking behavior </LI> <UL> <LI>Biomonitoring </LI> <LI>Consumer behavior </LI></UL></UL> Open Access Statement The journal is an Open Access journal that allows a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Archiving Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in <A href="https://www.portico.org/">Portico</A> - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections. Plagiarism Policy The editorial board is participating in a growing community of <A href="https://www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/">Similarity Check System's</A> users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.

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Zeitschriften und Ausgaben

Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research

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Volumen 18 (1999): Heft 6 (December 1999)

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