<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Effect of Housing System on Egg Quality in Laying Hens</title>The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of eggs from hybrids of laying hens of selected Polish breeding strains depending on their housing system. Analysis was made of eggs from KA-62, KA-42, KA-68 and KA-48 hybrids housed in three systems: cage, litter and free range. One hundred eggs, randomly chosen from each experimental group between 34 and 36 weeks of age, were evaluated for a set of physical characteristics such as weight of egg and egg fraction, percentage of main egg fractions, egg shape index, air cell height, albumen height and pH, Haugh units, yolk colour and pH, as well as shell colour, thickness, density and deformation. Caged birds produced the heaviest eggs (61.06 g) with the lowest shape index (77.86%), lightest shell (39.86) and highest percentage of albumen (57.04%) and yolk (29.89%) in the egg. The most favourable quality traits of albumen from the analysed eggs, i.e. greatest height (5.00 mm) and Haugh units (69.70) were characteristic of egg albumen from hens raised on litter. Shell quality analysis showed that the eggs of free-range birds were characterized by the highest weight of shell (5.76 g), which had the greatest thickness (360.14 μm) and density (81.01 mg/cm2). Detailed analysis of the physical characteristics of eggs from the hybrids of laying hens revealed significant (P≤0.05) differences depending on the housing system. The eggs of caged layers showed many characteristics desired by processors. Meanwhile, the eggs of hens kept on litter were characterized by dietetic properties that could meet specific needs of the consumers.</abstract>

Effect of Housing System on Egg Quality in Laying Hens

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Equine husbandry is carried out in an environment unnatural to horses, which enforces their adaptation to artificial conditions. Besides housing conditions, the management and human-horse relationship is very important for both human safety and a high level of animal welfare and performance. This would not be possible if horses were not able to learn. For equestrians, independently of the horse’s use (sport, work, recreation, therapy etc.) the performance is of the highest importance. Deep knowledge about learning mechanisms is essential to maintain high level of horses’ welfare and to achieve effective training. Cognition can be influenced by motivation and stress. Motivational mechanisms are based on positive or negative reinforcement but still it is not known what motivates horses more and how food motivation influences learning. It was already shown that a low level of motivation decreases animal performance. The effect of stress is an increasingly popular research topic. It has been shown that acute stress decreases horses’ learning performance, but the exact standard is still unknown. The Yerkes-Dodson law claims that low and too high arousal decreases learning. What is more, the relation between learning and sex, breed and some temperamental traits has been shown in several studies.</abstract>

Motivation, Stress and Learning – Critical Characteristics that Influence the Horses’ Value and Training Method – A Review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, direct-fed microbials, and herbs may improve the production efficiency in ruminants. The beneficial effect of selected specific microbes on animal health is reflected in protection against pathogens, stimulation of immunological response, increased production capacity, and mitigation of stress effects. Phytobiotic plants used in the nutrition of ruminant animals increase feed palatability. This in turn has a positive effect on feed intake and, consequently, increases production performance. Pectins, terpenes, phenols, saponins, and antibioticlike substances contained in phytobiotics prevent irritation, diarrhea, and increase the activity of digestive enzymes. Thanks to the abundance of biologically active substances such as flavonoids, glycosides, coumarins, carotenoids, polyphenols, etc., phytobiotics exhibit immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties as well. Given such a wide range of effects on health status and production parameters in animals, an attempt was made in this review to compile the current knowledge on the possible application of these natural growth stimulants in ruminant nutrition and to demonstrate their potential benefits and/or risks for breeding these animals.</abstract>

Probiotic microorganisms and herbs in ruminant nutrition as natural modulators of health and production efficiency – a review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Weather conditions (temperature, humidity, solar radiation, air pressure, wind strength, wind direction and precipitation) have a significant impact on the behaviour of farm animals. Pigs have developed a wide range of thermoregulatory behaviours that are particular for this species. With increases in temperature the most characteristic behaviour for pigs is decreased activity and increased wallowing in wet surfaces. In addition to this, rooting and wallowing are highly influenced by temperature and humidity. The lack of possibility to express these behaviours leads to development of stereotypies. Interestingly, low temperatures do not increase the use of shelter if not in combination with wind or precipitation. Furthermore, wild pigs build stronger nests in severe conditions. Also, resting behaviour and reproduction may be disturbed by high temperatures. There is a negative impact of foehn wind on boars’ libido and semen parameters.</abstract>

Pig behaviour in relation to weather conditions – a review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The popularity of plant-based feed additives in livestock production has increased significantly in the last decade. Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites which contain bioactive components and deliver positive effects for humans and animals. They are renowned for their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-mutagenic effects. Polyphenols have antioxidant properties, and they minimize the negative consequences of oxidative stress. Their antioxidant capacity is comparable to that of the major biological antioxidants: vitamins E and C. Despite those advantages, polyphenols are characterized by low bioavailability, and further research is needed to harness their full potential in livestock farming. This article presents a review of findings from recent studies investigating the efficacy of polyphenols in monogastric nutrition, with special emphasis on their antioxidant properties.</abstract>

Polyphenols in Monogastric Nutrition – A Review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Over the years, due to genetic selection, improvement of the characteristics of laying and meat poultry with less feed consumption per kilogram of body weight gain has been achieved (FCR). As the productivity of poultry increased, the demand of embryos for nutrients changed. However, the chemical composition of an egg has remained practically unchanged, and therefore, it began providing the embryos with suitable substances with the help of <italic>in ovo</italic> technology. Improvements in hatching were achieved through the administration of fructose, sucrose and grape seed extract (GSE), while the weight of a one-day-old chick is affected by the injection of amino acids with glucose and magnesium. In addition, amino acids and carbohydrates applied to an egg have contributed to an increase in the activity of digestive enzymes and maturation of the intestine. In connection with early stimulation of the intestinal tract of broiler chicks, they obtained higher weight gain. Supplementation with vitamins positively affects the increase of birds’ immunity and body weight at the end of breeding. On the other hand, the injection of an insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) influenced the growth and development of muscle tissue during the first weeks of life.</abstract>

<italic>In ovo</italic> Feeding – Technology of the Future – A Review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The concentration of mercury, fatty acids and lipid quality indices were determined in three species of fish (European eel, <italic>Anguilla anguilla</italic> Linnaeus, 1758, Eurasian perch, <italic>Perca fluviatilis</italic> Linnaeus, 1758 and roach, <italic>Rutilus rutilus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758). The fish were caught from a reservoir in the Warmia and Mazury region located near Olsztyn (north-eastern Poland). Mercury content was determined by atomic absorption thermal decomposition using Milestone DMA-80 (Italy), whereas fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography using a 7890A Agilent Technologies chromatograph. The total mercury concentration had the following sequence: European perch (0.297 mg/kg) &gt; European eel (0.160 mg/kg) ≈ roach (0.100 mg/kg) (P&lt;0.05). A positive correlation was found between the mercury content and size (the body weight and total length) of these fish (P&lt;0.0001). Based on the THQ, HI (&lt;1.0) and BRQ (1.063), it was concluded that the fish does not pose a health risk and is fit for human consumption. Similarly, low AI and TI values (&lt;1) are beneficial to human health related to reducing the risk of ischemic heart disease. A low OFA index of C12+C14+C18 and a high index of C18+UFA also indicate that these fish are safe from a nutritional point of view. The fatty acid indices HH (32.10–74.30), NVI (0.83–2.14), DI(18) (65.50–89.28), DI(16) (18.45–32.96), UI (131.93–278.64) and PI (88.60–314.90) were also studied. However, higher PUFA/SFA and <italic>de minimis</italic> EPA+DHA/Hg ratios compared to the recommended ratios suggest further research in this area is needed.
</abstract>

Assessing human risks and benefits associated with mercury contamination versus fatty acids and lipid quality indices in <italic>Anguilla anguilla</italic> L., <italic>Perca fluviatilis</italic> L. and <italic>Rutilus rutilus</italic> L. from the Olsztyn Lake District, Poland

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Present study is designed to assess the influence of supplementation with green tea powder (GTP) and/or ginger powder (GP) supplementations on various aspects of the welfare and productivity of chicks aged 1 to 5 weeks, exposed to high ambient temperatures ranging from 30.3 to 40.7°C for sustainable broiler production. Specifically, the study analyzes development indices, carcass characteristics, hematological parameters, and economic efficiency to determine whether these supplements can mitigate the negative effects of extreme heat, thereby improving the overall health and productive performance of the animals. A 3 x 3 factorial arrangement was carried out, including 9 experimental groups with 3 levels of adding GTP (0, 0.15 and 0.30%) and 3 levels of GP (0, 0.50 and 0.10%). A total of 450, mixed sex strain Cobb-500 broilers were homogenously distributed to 9 grouping, each consisting of 5 replications of 10 chicks with similar initial body weights. The findings demonstrated a marked (P&lt;0.05) increase in growth when chicks were fed diets supplemented with GTP at 0.3%. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved considerably due to 0.15 and 0.30 GPT supplementation in comparison to the control group. The economic efficiency increased gradually as the GPT level rose and when GP was added at 0.5% in comparison to the control group. Use of GTP resulted in a significant increase in total serum proteins and globulins, as well as a decrease in AST. There was a considerable rise in total plasma proteins and globulin and a decrease in AST due to use of GTP; in contrast, HDL was significantly decreased. At the same time, globulin increased only due to GP supplementation; however, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) decreased. In conclusion, 0.15% GTP showed beneficial results on development indices, the animal's corpse traits, and blood metabolites of chicks from 7–35 days of age under heat stress conditions, although 0.30% GTP resulted in the highest economic efficiency and sustainable broiler farming.
</abstract>

Assessment of green tea and/or ginger powder on growth performance, carcass traits, and blood profiles of broilers exposed to heat stress conditions for sustainable broilers farming

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
It was assumed that early antibiotic administration can slow down yolk sac resorption and decrease maternal antibody transfer and lysozyme levels in the yolk sac content and serum, meaning that disrupting the development of humoral immunity in turkeys. The experiment was conducted on female turkeys divided into following group: CON (control) – received no coccidiostat or antibiotics, MON – received monensin in the feed for 56 days; ENR and DOX – received enrofloxacin or doxycycline <italic>per os</italic> for the first 5 days of life. Additionally, half of the birds in each of this group were vaccinated against turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) the disease caused by avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV) and Newcastle disease caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at the first day of life (<italic>IN</italic>), and against omitobacteriosis caused by <italic>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</italic> (ORT) at 28 day of life (<italic>SC</italic>). On days 1, 3 and 5 of the birds' lives, yolk sacs were collected to assess their resorption. Yolk sac resorption was assessed by calculating yolk sac relative weight based on the measurement of the yolk sac mass and body weight of turkeys. On days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 56, blood was collected to assess anti-aMPV, anti-NDV, anti-ORT antibody titers and immunoglobulin and lysozyme levels. Early administration <italic>per os</italic> of ENR and DOX or feeding diets containing MON did not inhibit yolk sac resorption, but reduced levels of specific maternal anti-aMPV, anti-NDV and anti-ORT antibodies and IgY and IgM in the yolk sac. Enrofloxacin and doxycycline decreased the titers of anti-aMPV and anti-NDV antibodies and the level of maternal IgY and IgM in turkeys, which could be due to the direct effect exerted by antibiotics on maternal antibodies present in the circulatory system of poults and the inhibition of post-vaccination synthesis of specific antibodies. The administration of antibiotics in the early rearing period should only be implemented in situations of clearly confirmed disease states when the expected health benefits outweigh the risk of weakening immunity.
</abstract>

Early administration of antibiotics to turkey poults deteriorates maternal immunity and impairs post-vaccination antibody synthesis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
It is crucial to ensure the suitable stocking density for Nile tilapia fry since Nile tilapia is among the most consumed fish species globally. In this study, fry were distributed at three stocking densities, 1000 fry/m3 (low density, LD), 2000 fry/m3 (middle density, MD), and 4000 fry/m3 (high density, HD). Then each stocking density was subdivided into two groups where three aquaria were supplied with fresh dechlorinated water (FW, 0.35 g saline /L), and the other three aquaria were fortified with underground brackish water (BW, ≈ 8 g saline /L). Subsequently, fry were kept under these experimental conditions and offered 40% crude protein thrice daily at 4–5% of the body mass for 15 days, then switched to 30% thrice daily at 3–4% of the body mass until the end of the trial (60 days). Except for the dissolved oxygen, salinity, and total ammonia nitrogen, the measured water characteristics (temperature and pH) were not markedly (P˃0.05) affected by the stocking density or water salinity. Stocking density was a significant factor in the case of final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival rate (P&lt;0.05). The water salinity and stocking density markedly affected the digestive enzyme activity (protease, lipase, and amylase) (P&lt;0.05). The stocking density, water salinity, and their interaction were significant factors in the lysozyme activity. The stocking density significantly affected the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and fish fry in LD showed higher SOD, CAT, and GPx than fish in MD or HD in FW or BW (P&lt;0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) was affected by the stocking density, and fish fry in LD showed lower MDA than in MD or HD under FW or BW (P&lt;0.05). Increased density to HD in the FW or BW induced slight degeneration of the intestinal mucosal lining. In conclusion, Nile tilapia fry can grow in brackish water (≈ 8 g saline /L) with 1000 to 2000 fry/m3 without affecting growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, intestinal histological features, and immune and antioxidative responses.
</abstract>

High stocking density affected the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal histology, and immune response of Nile tilapia (<italic>Oreochromis niloticus</italic>) fry grown in brackish water

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of <italic>L. plantarum</italic> and <italic>L. reuteri</italic> on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant, and immunity-related genes in zebrafish. Six hundred zebrafish (38.19±1.4 mg) were randomized into twelve tanks (50 fish per), and fed prepared diets comprising un-supplemented (T0), 1 ×108 CFU/g <italic>L. plantarum</italic> (T1), 1 ×1011 CFU/kg <italic>L. reuteri</italic> (T2), and 1 ×108 CFU/g <italic>L. plantarum</italic> + 1 ×1011 CFU/kg <italic>L. reuteri</italic> (T3) for 8 weeks. Experimental diets had meaningful effects on weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), and the highest WG and FW were seen in T3. Fish-fed supplemented diets had higher amylase and lipase activities. No significant differences were seen in protease, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin activities between treatments. The supplemented groups showed a significant increase in lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin levels. Meaningful differences were noticed in ACH50, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin, and IgM levels. ALT levels were markedly higher in T2 and T3. Catalase (CAT), total antioxidant, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were significantly impacted by the experimental diets. The experimental diets showed no marked impact on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) values. Relative expressions of <italic>CAT</italic>, <italic>GPX</italic>, and <italic>SOD</italic> genes were notably upper in T3. Moreover, <italic>IL1, LYZ,</italic> and <italic>TNFα</italic> gene expressions were significantly enhanced in T3 diets. The challenge test <italic>with A. hydrophila</italic> showed that zebrafish-fed L. <italic>plantarum</italic> and <italic>L. reuteri</italic> had a lower mortality rate than the control. Consequently, the combination of <italic>L. reuteri</italic> and <italic>L. plantarum</italic> is proposed to improve growth efficiency, immunity, and reduce the negative effects of <italic>A. hydrophila</italic> infection in zebrafish.
</abstract>

Dietary administration of <italic>Lactobacillus reuteri</italic> and <italic>Lactobacillus plantarum</italic> reduces whole body oxidative stress and increases immune response, digestive enzyme, growth performance and resistance of zebrafish (<italic>Danio rerio</italic>) against <italic>Aeromonas hydrophila</italic> infection

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Understanding digestive functions and the role of microorganisms in the prevention of gastrointestinal and systemic diseases may be a strategy for preventing intestinal dysbiosis during critical periods of animal rearing, strengthening the immune system and reducing herd mortality. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the addition of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) to the diet of rabbits on the composition of the bacterial microbiota of the caecal contents. The experiment was conducted using 40 35-day-old rabbits (<italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus</italic>) assigned to four groups of 10 animals each. Animals in the control group (group C) were fed a standard diet, while the experimental groups received 4% (group E1), 8% (group E2) or 12% (group E3) dried FRSM in place of the previously used soybean meal (SBM). After 120 days, six rabbits (three males and three females), of average size and intended for slaughter, were selected from each group. The contents of the caecum were collected from these animals for metagenomic analysis. The research showed that the microbiome of the caecum of rabbits shows low diversity at higher phylogenetic levels, but is highly diverse at lower levels. The study showed no directly proportional relationship between the various groups of microorganisms inhabiting the digestive tract and the share of fermented rapeseed meal used in the diet. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the microbiome of rabbits fed diets with the inclusion of fermented feed components.
</abstract>

Study of the possibility of modulating the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome of rabbits fed fermented rapeseed meal

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> A probiotic is a culture of live microorganisms that can manipulate and maintain a beneficial microflora in the gut. Prebiotics are nondigestible feed ingredients that can positively affect the animal organism by stimulating the activity and growth of beneficial native bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and eliminate the pathogenic ones. Some studies have shown their beneficial effects when they have been used separately or simultaneously in the form of synbiotics, to obtain enhanced mutual effect. These supplements were proposed with success as alternatives to antibiotic growth-promoting feed additives but further studies are needed to better understand their mode of action and effects. This review article presents growing interest in using these antibiotic alternatives, the potential mechanism of their action in the live organism, and discusses some recent data on the effects of these supplements in poultry nutrition.</abstract>

The Usefulness of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Modern Poultry Nutrition: a Review / Przydatność prebiotyków i probiotyków w nowoczesnym żywieniu drobiu – przegląd

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Methionine (Met) plays many important metabolic functions in humans and animals, and therefore may be classified as a functional amino acid (AA). Functional AAs are defined as those AAs that participate in and regulate key metabolic pathways to improve health, survival, growth, development, and reproduction of organisms. As the first-limiting AA in poultry diets, Met affects poultry production parameters such as body weight gains, feed conversion ratio and carcass quality. The results of many experiments on chickens fed diets with different levels of Met (from 0.3 to 1.2% in the starter period, and from 0.3 to 0.9% in the grower period) indicate that commercial broiler chickens do not require more than 0.50 and 0.38% Met in starter and grower diets, respectively, for optimum growth and feed efficiency, whereas higher inclusion rates of Met are needed to stimulate immune responses. The results of recent experiments on chickens are insufficient to define the optimal dietary levels of Met, which has been shown to exert immunostimulatory activity. A few experiments on layer hens have demonstrated that Met requirements for immune competence are higher than for optimum production, but the inclusion levels of this AA needed to stimulate the immune system of birds have not been defined. In the absence of such research, it remains unknown whether feeding growing turkeys diets supplemented with Met above NCR recommendations, as suggested by B.U.T. (British United Turkeys), stimulates the immune system of birds.</abstract>

Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland

Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland

Nutritional and immunomodulatory function of methionine in poultry diets – a review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of the study was to determine the effect of age of slow-growing broiler chickens on growth performance and meat quality. Subjects were hybrids between Hubbard meat-type cockerels and Yellowleg Partridge Polish native hens. Chickens were raised indoors to 56, 70 or 84 days of age on deep litter under the same environmental conditions and fed <italic>ad litibum </italic>complete starter, grower and finisher diets containing 20, 18, 15 CP and 2825, 2825 and 2740 ME/kg feed, respectively. At the end of the experiment, 5 cockerels and 5 pullets were selected for slaughter from each age group and subjected to a simplified carcass analysis. Breast muscles and leg muscles were evaluated for technological properties such as pH, colour, water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss and shear force. The results were analysed statistically using analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. The duration of rearing had an effect on carcass and meat quality. The highest, statistically significant differences in the analysed traits were found between chickens slaughtered at 56 and 84 days of age. The highest dressing percentage was obtained in birds raised until 84 days of age. Youngest birds were characterized by the poorest muscle content of the carcass and the least favourable technological properties of meat. The highest growth efficiency was obtained when the hybrids were raised to 70 days of age. </abstract>

Effect of slaughter age on performance and meat quality of slow-growing broiler chickens

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of a species-specific probiotic (Lactobacillus animalis SB310, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei SB137 and Bacillus coagulans SB117 in a 30:35:35 ratio, respectively; 1.8 × 1010 CFU/g of powder) on gut microbial balance, immune response and growth performance of Holstein female calves during the first month of life. Twenty-two calves were divided into two experimental groups from 2 to 28 days of life: control (C), fed with milk replacer and concentrate as a basal diet, and treatment (T), fed C diet plus 1 g/calf/day of probiotic powder for the first month of age. Faecal and blood samples were individually collected and analysed weekly. Individual faecal score was recorded daily and general health score was calculated at the end of the trial. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by skin test at 7 and 28 days of life. Milk replacer and concentrate intake were recorded daily, while body weight and biometrical parameters were recorded at 2, 8, 14, 21 and 28 days of life, thus average daily gain and feed conversion rate were calculated. During the first week of treatment, lower blood eosinophil percentage (0.05% vs. 0.22%; P≤0.01) was found in T group, while basophils were higher in T than C group at the end of the trial (0.21% vs. 0.16%; P≤0.05). Higher faecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB)/E. coli ratio on day 28 of life (3.73 log CFU/g vs. 2.02 log CFU/g; P≤0.05) and lower incidence of diarrhoea were found in the treated group (63.30% vs. 70.71%; P=0.05). Body weight (48.92 kg vs. 46.92 kg; P≤0.05), total concentrate intake (14.77 kg vs. 12.56 kg on dry matter basis; P≤0.05), and heart girth (81.16 cm vs. 78.49 cm; P≤0.05) were significantly higher in T group. The administration of the probiotic during the first month of life improved gut microbiota and increased the growth performance and some biometric parameters of calves.</abstract>

Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety

Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, I-20133 Milan, Italy

Effects of species-specific probiotic addition to milk replacer on calf health and performance during the first month of life

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Mastitis is one of the most important mammary gland diseases impacting lactating animals. Resistance to this disease could be improved by breeding. There are several selection methods for mastitis resistance. To improve the natural genetic resistance of cows in succeeding generations, current breeding programmes use somatic cell count and clinical mastitis cases as resistance traits. However, these methods of selection have met with limited success. This is partly due to the complex nature of the disease. The limited progress in improving udder health by conventional selection procedures requires applying information on molecular markers of mastitis susceptibility in marker-assisted selection schemes. Mastitis is under polygenic control, so there are many genes that control this trait in many loci. This review briefly describes genome-wide association studies which have been carried out to identify quantitative trait loci associated with mastitis resistance in dairy cattle worldwide. It also characterizes the candidate gene approach focus on identifying genes that are strong candidates for the mastitis resistance trait. In the conclusion of the paper we focus our attention on future research which should be conducted in the field of the resistance to mastitis.</abstract>

Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt

Genetic Basis of Mastitis Resistance in Dairy Cattle – A Review / Podstawy Genetyczne Odporności Krów Mlecznych Na Zapalenie Wymienia – Artykuł Przeglądowy

Instructions to Authors

Annals of Animal Science

The Journal of National Research Institute of Animal Production

 Online ISSN: 2300-8733   Annals of Animal Science accepts original papers and reviews from the different topics of animal science: genetic and farm animal breeding, the biology, physiology...

Impact Factor

Five Year Impact Factor

Cite Score

SNIP

MNiSW

Google Scholar h5-index

Google Scholar h5-median

 Online ISSN: 2300-8733   Annals of Animal Science accepts original papers and reviews from the different topics of animal science: genetic and farm...

Annals of Animal Science

The Journal of National Research Institute of Animal Production

Tutti i volumi ed i numeri in questa rivista