- Journal Details
- Format
- Journal
- eISSN
- 2719-9509
- First Published
- 01 Jan 1992
- Publication timeframe
- 4 times per year
- Languages
- English
Search
Abstract
- Open Access
Analysis of Selected Carbonyl Compounds in Tobacco Samples by Using Pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine Derivatization and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Page range: 86 - 97
Abstract
A simple, accurate, and reliable method for routine analysis of trace carbonyl compounds, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, methyl-ethyl ketone (MEK), butyraldehyde, and crotonaldehyde, in processed tobacco products was developed. One gram of tobacco sample was spiked with a mixture of isotopelabeled carbonyls as internal standards and extracted with water. A portion of aqueous extract was derivatizated with o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA). The PFBHA derivatives of carbonyls were extracted with hexane and analysed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated with spiked Kentucky Reference Cigarette 3R4F and CORESTA smokeless reference products CRP1, CRP2, CRP3, and CRP4. For the investigated carbonyl compounds, excellent recoveries (95-107%) and precisions (5-10%) were achieved with different spiked tobacco products, with the exception of acrolein, which was found unstable in all tested tobacco products. The linear range of the developed method was from 0.07 to 36 μg/g with limits of quantification ranged from 0.10 to 0.15 μg/g. Using this method, formaldehyde (0.31-6.24 μg/g) and acetaldehyde (0.84-17.7 μg/g) were detected in all tested reference tobacco products. Acetone (0.55-2.12 μg/g) was found in 3R4F, CRP1, CRP2, and CRP3. Detectable levels of propionaldehyde were only found in CRP1 and CRP3. The levels of MEK, butyraldehyde, and crotonaldehyde in all tested reference products were below the method quantification limits. It was found that the effects of storage conditions (storage time, container, and temperature) on yields of carbonyls detected in reference tobacco product samples (3R4F, CRP2, CRP3) were dependent on compound and sample matrix: the concentrations of formaldehyde in all tested reference products gradually increased as the storage time increased, while the concentrations of acetone in 3R4F samples dramatically decreased as the storage time increased. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 86-97]
KEYWORDS
- Carbonyl compounds
- tobacco
- derivatization
- GC-MS analysis
- Open Access
Comparative Study of Cigarette Smoke Cytotoxicity Using Two In Vitro Assay Systems
Page range: 98 - 108
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the results obtained from two in vitro cytotoxicity assays that depend upon different mechanisms/modes of action. The Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assay is based on endocytotic activity whereas the Water Soluble Tetrazolium Salts (WST-1) assay is based on mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Both were investigated in light of their wide use and documented validation. The total particulate matter (TPM) and gas vapor phase (GVP) of main stream smoke derived from Kentucky reference cigarettes 3R4F and 10 test cigarettes made of 100% flue-cured or 100% Burley tobacco were individually applied to the two assays using CHO-K1 cells. In addition, cigarette smoke constituents and known cytotoxic agents, documented to affect specific endpoints, were evaluated within both assays. Although the NRU assay was primarily more sensitive than the WST-1 assay, both assays provided comparable results in terms of the rank order for the cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke samples. In addressing the cytotoxicity of constituents in cigarette smoke, acrolein, hydroquinone and catechol gave clear dose-related decreases in cell viability (an end point common in both assays). Moreover, enzyme inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and chemicals causing membrane disruption also showed similar responses regardless of the specific endpoint addressed within the cytotoxicity assay. In conclusion, results from the NRU and WST-1 assay are comparable therefore indicating results were independent of the different assay detection mechanisms/modes of action. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 98-108]
- Open Access
Cigarette-Smoke- and Age-Dependent Oxidative Stress Effects in Rats
Page range: 109 - 120
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a basic mechanism involved in both ageand smoking-related diseases. To test whether smoking affects young, old, and calorie-restricted organisms to the same extent, we assessed oxidative stress parameters in the lung, heart, and liver of male Fischer 344 rats (4 months old and 19-22 months old) exposed to air or cigarette mainstream smoke. Smoke-related effects were seen for parameters of DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and glycoxidation. No smoke-related effects were observed for DNA damage in the lung and heart (Comet assay) and for malondialdehyde in the lung. The old rats showed higher smoke-related responses than the young rats for 8-hydroxy-desoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the heart and liver, DNA damage in the liver, and protein carbonyls in the lung; however, there was little evidence for an overadditive effect of smoking on aging. Caloric restriction, which is known to retard aging effects, also had little impact on smoke-related oxidative changes. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2014) 109-120]
KEYWORDS
- Aging
- cigarette smoke
- oxidative stress
- glycoxidative stress
- Fischer 344 rat
- Open Access
Filtration and Retention Characteristics of Smoke Components in Filters
Page range: 121 - 131
Abstract
The filtration and retention characteristics of nicotine, phenol, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), crotonaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in conventional cellulose acetate fiber filters were investigated. By quantitatively analyzing their contents released in mainstream smoke and retained in filters, their filtration efficiencies, taken as the ratio of filter retention content to total yield, were determined under both International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Health Canadian Intense (HCI) smoking regimes. Using a precision laser cutter, the filters were either cut transversely into 5-7 segments for longitudinal distribution pattern study, or cut transversely into 3 segments firstly and then each segment was cut concentrically into 3 concentric segments for spatial distribution pattern study. Contents of the named smoke components retained in these filter segments were quantitatively analyzed. The data were calibrated and then processed with interpolation analysis and polynomial fitting. The longitudinal distribution patterns for all components mentioned above, as well as spatial distribution patterns for nicotine, phenol, HCN, ammonia and crotonaldehyde, were obtained. The filtration efficiencies of different smoke components varied between 24% and 15% for HCN, 87% and 92% for phenol under ISO and HCI smoking regimes respectively. The filtration efficiencies of all the studied components under HCI smoking were lower than under ISO smoking to different extents except phenol which showed the opposite trend. Different mainstream smoke components have their own retention behavior and distribution characteristics which are determined by the physical and chemical properties of the component and its interaction with cellulose acetate fiber and the glycerol triacetate within the filter. The diversity of retention distribution patterns of different components shows the high complexity of cigarette smoke filtration in filters. [Beitr. Tabakforsch Int. 26 (2014) 121-131]