- Journal Details
- Format
- Journal
- eISSN
- 2719-9509
- First Published
- 01 Jan 1992
- Publication timeframe
- 4 times per year
- Languages
- English
Search
- Open Access
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: VI. The Carbon Contribution to Total Smoke from Each Individual Component in the 1R1-Type Cigarette
Page range: 145 - 148
Abstract
Shown for the first time is the contribution of carbon into each smoke phase from each ingredient in the 1R1-type cigarette. In many cases, the actual percentage contribution is greatly different from the theoretical contribution assumed correct for many years. The bright lamina is a larger carbon contributor to mainstream total particulate matter (MS-TPM) than expected and the bright stem contributes considerably less. These data imply that Burley tobacco contributes more than the expected amounts of carbon to those smoke components which are more easily condensable, as compared to bright tobacco, which contributes more than expected to the non-volatile particulate phase and less to the condensable phase. The cigarette paper was shown to contribute a disproportionate share of carbon to the side-stream total particulate matter (SS-TPM). Glycerol was shown to contribute heavily to the MS-TPM, in keeping with what would be expected for distillable materials.
- Open Access
The Generation of Water in the Tobacco Oven Volatile Test
Page range: 149 - 154
Abstract
An investigation into the standard oven volatile procedure has been completed. Results have been presented which support the conclusion that ≈ 0.5 % (tobacco dry weight basis) of the oven volatiles are generated via decomposition of tobacco constituents. The use of oxygen-18 labelled water for equilibrating tobacco has provided the probe necessary to differentiate between equilibrium moisture and water generated during the oven volatile test. Mass spectrometry was utilized to detect isotopically labelled tobacco constituents. Observations that 34 % of the acetic acid and a significant portion (> 50 %) of the reducing sugars exhibit oxygen-18 incorporation indicate the dynamic and interactive nature of the tobacco/ water system.
Abstract
A method for determining the moisture content of tobacco based upon microwave heating has been conceived and developed. At the conditions and with the sample size selected, the method satisfies the requirements of the tobacco industry for rapid accurate moisture determinations during the processing of tobacco. It has thus been shown to be a viable alternative to moisture analysis by Karl Fischer titration and the conventional oven drying procedure. It has also been shown that the calculated percent weight loss in the microwave instrument coincides with the actual water content with negligible loss of volatiles other than water. This is in sharp contrast to the results obtained in oven drying the tobacco. The concepts employed in the moisture meter are not limited to tobacco as a sample. It may be useful for moisture determinations on a variety of previously difficult or time-consuming to analyse materials such as grain, paper or meat. It is envisioned in the future as a generally acceptable method for the measurement of the moisture content of tobacco
- Open Access
The Effect of Moisture on the Growth of Cigarette Smoke Particles
Page range: 161 - 168
Abstract
The effect of water vapour on the growth of cigarette smoke particles was investigated by a light-scattering method which can measure the particle size distribution and the refractive index. The particle growth, below 90 % relative humidity, was less than 10 % for both main and side-stream smoke. The results were discussed with equations derived from the weight changes of smoke condensate in moist air, and with the changes of the refractive index. Calculations showed that the cigarette smoke particle reaches equilibrium very quickly and that it doubles its radius at about 99.5 % relative humidity.
- Open Access
Description of a Continuous-Smoking Inhalation Machine for Exposing Small Animals to Tobacco Smoke
Page range: 169 - 174
Abstract
The fuller understanding of the biological responses of rodents inhaling cigarette smoke has been hindered, in part, by the inability to dose simultaneously a large number of animals with satisfactory reproducibility. This paper describes an inhalation machine which allows the simultaneous exposure of up to 72 animals to a continuous flow of freshly diluted cigarette smoke
- Open Access
The Chemical Evaluation of a Continuous-Smoking Inhalation Machine
Page range: 175 - 184
Abstract
The paper describes experiments which have been used to evaluate an inhalation smoking machine for small animals. Deliveries of undiluted and diluted smoke from this machine have been compared to reference data obtained from an analytical smoking machine. Deliveries of smoke immediately behind the smoke pump were lower than those from the analytical machine, largely due to differences in puff number (created largely by differences in paper regression between puffs) and deposition. When these factors were accounted for, deliveries from the two machines compared favourably. However, deliveries of diluted smoke, although apparently independent of dilution level, were somewhat lower than analytical deliveries. Thus the inhalation machine delivered about 65 % of the particulate matter, 80 % of the nicotine and 85 % of the carbon monoxide delivered by the analytical machine on a per puff basis (for 100 % tobacco or 50 % tobacco : 50 % Cytrel). A 100 % Cytrel cigarette delivered 80 % of the particulate matter and 90 % of the carbon monoxide (no nicotine). After accounting for deposition, consistent deliveries of about 85 % were achieved for all three constituents in all-tobacco cigarettes, while corrected deliveries for 100 % Cytrel cigarettes were about 90 % for both particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Deliveries of hydrogen cyanide and total volatile aldehydes in both samples were about 85 % of those achieved on an analytical machine
- Open Access
Behaviour of Seedleaf Tobaccos in a Laboratory Fermentation Chamber
Page range: 185 - 189
Abstract
A laboratory system which simulates factory fermentation of tobaccos has been designed and made operational. This system is of broader scope and versatility than the known laboratory tobacco fermenters. The device consists of a Lexan® (polycarbonate) humidified chamber containing a rotating aluminum wheel bearing 8 polypropylene vessels. Heating, humidification and aeration are controlled. Routine fermentation conditions are 45°C and 90 % relative humidity for 4 days. Seedleaf tobaccos from 1973-1977 have been fermented in this chamber. Extent of fermentation was determined by decreases in the percentages of total nitrogen, total volatile bases and nicotine, and by an increase in pH of the dried tobacco.
- Open Access
The use of pressure drop measurements for estimating ventilation and paper porosity/Verwendung von Zugwiderstandsmesswerten zur Abschätzung von Ventilation und Papierporosität
Page range: 191 - 192
Abstract
In our recent article on the above-mentioned topic, the derivation of the pressure drop equations was based on the first approximation that diluting air flow is constant over the length of a filter or tobacco column. While this is a reasonable approximation for filters and tobacco columns with low levels of dilution, it appears to give inaccurate results for tobacco columns with high levels of dilution, as was pointed out by Cummings.