<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The constantly growing number of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains prompts the search for alternative treatments. Synthetic peptides based on natural antimicrobial peptides, also known as antimicrobial lipopeptides, can become a promising group of “drugs” to fight multi-resistant bacteria. The present paper discusses the origins of synthetic lipopeptides, their classification and antimicrobial properties.1. Introduction. 2. Antimicrobial peptides. 3. Classification of antimicrobial peptides. 4. Lipopeptide antibiotics. 5. Synthetic lipopeptides. 5.1. Ultrashort lipopeptides. 5.2. Peptidomimetics. 5.3. Multivalent lipopeptides. 5.4. Hydrocarbon-stapled lipopeptides. 5.5. Antimicrobial lipopeptides in laboratory researches. 6. Summary
</abstract>

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LIPOPEPTIDES

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The beginnings of predictive microbiology date back to 1920 when Bigelow developed a logarithmic-linear dependence of kinetics on the death of microorganisms. Predictive microbiology is a sub-discipline of food microbiology, whose task is to predict the behavior of microorganisms in food using mathematical models. The predictive model for microbiology is usually a simplified description of the correlation between the observed reactions and the factors responsible for the occurrence of these reactions. There are several main conceptual models (empirical vs. mechanistic, stochastic vs. deterministic, dynamic vs. static), in which there are model divisions depending on the type of examined microorganism or the nature of the problems caused by microbes (kinetic vs. probabilistic), described variables (first, secondary and tertiary) or the influence of environmental factors on microbial populations (growth, survival, inactivation). The new generations of models include molecular and genomic models, transfer models, Artificial Neural Network, interactions between species, and single cell models.The process of creating a mathematical model requires coordination of work and the knowledge of: microbiology, statistics, mathematics, chemistry, process engineering and computer and web science. It also requires appropriate hardware and software. There are four stages in the construction of a mathematical model: planning; data collection and analysis; mathematical description; validation and storage of data.In recent years, numerous computer software programs have been developed: FISHMAP, FSSP, Dairy Product Safety Predictor, Symbiosis, GroPIN, Listeria Meat FDA-iRISK, TRiMiCri, Microbial Responses, GlnaFiT, FILTREX, PMM-Lab. ComBase database, on the other hand, is a pioneering achievement as an on-line tool. Some programs meet the requirements for creating Food Safety Model Repositories (FSMR).1. Introduction. 2. The idea of predictive microbiology. 3. Historical background of predictive microbiology. 4. The concept of a model and modeling concepts in food microbiology. 4.1. Concept 1: empirical vs. mechanistic models. 4.2. Concept 2: static vs. dynamic models. 4.3. Concept 3: stochastic vs. deterministic models. 5. Breakdowns of prognostic models. 5.1. Neural networks. 5.2. A new generation of predictive models. 6. The construction of the predictive model. 6.1. Planning the experiment. 6.2. Collection of data. 6.3. Data analysis. 6.4. Model validation. 7. Predictive microbiology in risk analysis. 8. Summary</abstract>

PREDICTIVE MICROBIOLOGY OF FOOD

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Drug-resistant bacteria from the genus <italic>Enterococcus</italic> are currently among the most important pathogens behind healthcare-associated infections. The drug resistance of these bacteria has been on the increase since the 1980s, leeding to their multi-drug resistance. Selective pressure, present mainly in the hospital environment, contributed to this phenomenon. However, also outside the hospital environment selective pressure comes into play, namely the use of antibiotics as promoters of growth in animal husbandry and in food production. Household pets form a reservoir of drug-resistant enterococcal strains, too. The exchange of resistance genes between enterococcal strains from different niches poses a threat to public health.1. Introduction. 2. Hospital environment. 3. Farm animals. 4. Food. 5. Household pets. 6. Summary</abstract>

DRUG RESISTANCE IN THE GENUS <italic>ENTEROCOCCUS</italic>– CURRENT PROBLEM IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The studies on the occurrence and diversity of tick-borne infections in HIV-infected individuals have been few, and the subject has been relatively neglected when compared with other infections associated with HIV. Non-specific symptoms of tick-borne diseases pose a challenge in clinical care and may lead to misdiagnosis, especially in HIV-positive patients, who often experience many non-specific clinical symptoms. Additionally, in immunocompromised patients, a significant delay of antibody production may occur, and the results of a serological test may be misinterpreted. This review focuses on the most common tick-borne infections in HIV-positive patients in Europe.1. Introduction. 2. Ticks as vectors. 3. Babesiosis. 3.1. Diagnostics and treatment. 4. Lyme borreliosis. 4.1. Diagnostics and treatment. 5. Rickettsiosis. 5.1. Diagnostics and treatment. 6. Conclusions</abstract>

TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 (HIV-1) INFECTION

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><italic>Campylobacter</italic> spp<italic></italic>. are Gram-negative, spiral, thermophilic, motile bacteria, which require microaerophilic environment for growth. They have restricted carbohydrate catabolism, but have well-developed mechanism of acquiring micronutrients instead. A common problem, especially in developing countries, is campylobacteriosis, mostly caused by <italic>Campylobacter jejuni</italic>. The major reason of this disease is the increasing resistance of these bacteria to commonly used antibiotics. The most frequent source of infection is poorly cooked poultry meat. Despite numerous cases of campylobacteriosis, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. However, the role of bacterial motility, adhesion, ability to invade hosts intestinal epithelial cells and secretion of toxins have been found significant. In addition to developing gastrointestinal infections, <italic>C. jejuni</italic> is firmly established as a causative agent of Guillain-Barré Syndrome, which is an autoimmune-mediated demyelinating polyneuropathy of peripheral nerves. Molecular mimicry between bacterial surface structures and hosts gangliosides is responsible for the development of this disease. The serious local and systemic consequences of <italic>C. jejuni</italic> infections are the reason for monitoring the microbial purity of food, especially meat and drinking water, for <italic>C. jejuni</italic> contamination necessitating also new approaches to contamination prevention or minimization.1. Introduction. 2. Colonization and transmission pathways for <italic>Campylobacter</italic> spp<italic></italic>. 3. The pathogenesis of <italic>Campylobacter</italic> spp<italic></italic>. 3.1. Virulence factors. 4. Systemic consequences of <italic>Campylobacter</italic> spp<italic></italic>. infections in humans. 4.1. Role of <italic>C. jejuni</italic> infection in demyelination of peripheral nerves. 4.2. Antigenic mimicry between host gangliozydes and <italic>C. jejuni</italic>. 4.3. Role of cytokines in the development of GBS. 4.4. The strategy in Guillain-Barré Syndrome therapy. 5. Summary
</abstract>

THE ROLE OF <italic>CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI</italic> INFECTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Staphylococci belong to bacteria often isolated from clinical material obtained from animals. Unlike in human medicine, in veterinary, different species of coagulase-positive staphylococci are isolated from clinical specimens, and except <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</italic>, and other species are also often recognized. Recently, the taxonomy of staphylococci has been updated, therefore, now it is necessary to recognize the new species as well. Currently, coagulase-negative staphylococci are considered an important group of opportunistic pathogens. The accurate identification of species within the genus <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> is important because, according to the EUCAST and CLSI recommendations, the interpretation of the results of susceptibility testing for <italic>S. aureus</italic> and coagulase-negative staphylococci is different. Furthermore, the resistance to methicillin in <italic>S. aureus</italic> strains is detected using a cefoxitin disk, whereas in the case of <italic>S. pseudintermedius</italic>– using an oxacillin disk. An important problem for veterinary microbiological laboratories is a limited number of unified guidelines on methodology and guidelines specifying the interpretation of the results of antibiotic susceptibility testing. The lack of available recommendations for some antibiotics testing results in the fact that veterinary laboratories often use the guidelines established for human pathogens. There is an urgent necessity for harmonization of methods and to develop guidelines for the interpretation of results of susceptibility testing for different bacteria, including various species of staphylococci from the individual animal host.1. Introduction. 2. Problems with the identification of staphylococci isolated from animals. 3. Determination of susceptibility of staphylococci – traditional methods. 4. Alternative methods for determining the susceptibility of staphylococci. 5. Detection of staphylococcal resistance to methicillin. 6. Interpretation of the results of the susceptibility testing of veterinary pathogens. 7. Prevention of the antimicrobial resistance. 8. Summary
</abstract>

CURRENT CHALLENGES OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS CONCERNING THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI TO ANTIBIOTICS

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Modern technologies of bioethanol production require distillery yeast characterized by thermotolerance, osmotolerance and increased resistance to secondary metabolites. To date, no strains have been observed in nature which possess all of the above-mentioned characteristics. For many years, intensive research has been carried out to improve the technological properties of industrial strains. A number of methods have been developed to allow genetic improvement of distillery yeasts. One of the most promising and effective methods is genome shuffling, allowing the creation of hybrids whose genome is a combination of large DNA fragments derived from strains with distinct phenotypic traits. Genome shuffling creates a chance that the new strain will have valuable functional genes, including their full operons. This, in turn, increases the chance of a long-term maintenance of beneficial technological features by the obtained hybrids.1. Introduction. 2. Yeast <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic>. 2.1. Yeast genome. 2.2. Role of <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> yeast in the bioethanol production. 3. Pathways of genetic improvement. 4. Methods of genetic improvement. 5. Genome shuffling. 5.1. Improvement of <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> yeast strains by genome shuffling method. 6. Conclusion</abstract>

GENOME SHUFFLING AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF DISTILLERY YEAST

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Advancements of Microbiology

 The Advancements of Microbiology (formerly Postępy Mikrobiologii) is a quarterly of the Polish Society of Microbiologists. The journal was founded in 1961, initially under the patronage of the Microbiology Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and in 1989 it became the organ of the PSM. The following professors have served as Editors-in-Chief of Postępy Mikrobiologii during the period: Prof. Edmund Mikulaszek 1962 – 1972, Prof. Władysław Tomasz Dobrzański 1972 – 1982, Prof. Zdzislaw Ilczuk 1983 – 1991, Prof. Jerzy Hrebenda 1991 – 2009, Prof. Jacek Bielecki 2009 – 2022. Journal implements the Society’s main goals, like promoting the development of microbiological sciences, popularizing the achievements of microbiology among members of the Society and broad circles of readers.   Advancements of Microbiology is topical journal for scientists in several microbiological fields and often the place where the first works of young researchers are published. Advancements of Microbiology include review articles from all areas of microbiology that are not printed in other journals. Please send manuscripts with attachments to the editor's e-mail address: editorial.office@am-online.org   Due to the great thematic diversity of the articles sent to the editorial office, it is not possible to print monographic volumes. Most of the papers currently published in Advancements of Microbiology are review articles in the field of bacterial physiology, microbial genetics, environmental microbiology, applied microbiology and virology; the work in the field of epidemiology, classification and identification of bacteria and applications of molecular biology techniques in microbiological research are particularly extensive.   The editors of Advancements of Microbiology strive to print works – ordered by eminent scientists – regarding currently fashionable problems of modern science. We especially encourage Authors to write articles in the field of their expertise, which guarantees the highest scientific level. The high scientific level of the journal was reflected in the progress of the JCR citation index and the presence of our journal on the Philadelphia list. It is especially important for young Authors, for whom Advancements of Microbiology often open the way to a scientific career. The current activity of Advancements of Microbiology is based mainly on publishing reviews related to the latest scientific achievements in the field of microbiology, which, at present is characterized by unusual dynamics of development and comprehensive application possibilities. The selection of current and relevant research topics and their presentation at a high scientific level in our journal is the basis for the existence of the quarterly, Advancements of Microbiology.   Open Access Policy   This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license　on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license users are free to share the work (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), if the contribution is properly attributed and used for non-commercial purposes. The material published in the journal may not be altered or built upon.   ABOUT SOCIETY   The origin of microbiology in Poland goes back to the XIX century. Professor Odo Feliks Kazimierz Bujwid (1857 – 1942) – was the first Polish bacteriologist, who graduated from the University of Warsaw and gained experience in Berlin working with Robert Koch, and in Paris at the Ludwik Pasteur Institute.   The Polish Society of Microbiologists (PSM), formerly the Polish Society of Microbiologists and Epidemiologists, was established in Warsaw on October 31, 1927 at the first Congress of Polish microbiologists. Professor Zygmunt Szymanowski was elected the first President of PSM. The same year, PSM also became cofounder of Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) and since 2005 PSM is a member of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID).   Within over 95 years of activity, 29 Congresses of PSM were organized and 16 professors were elected as Presidents of PSM. About 900 ordinary members and 19 honorary members, associated in 14 PSM branches all over Poland, belong to the Society.   The aims of PSM have been the same since its very beginnings: to promote the development of microbiological sciences and to popularize the achievements of microbiology among the Society’s members and the broad public. PSM organizes congresses, scientific meetings, courses and lectures and competitions of scientific papers. Two quarterly journals, the Polish Journal of Microbiology and the Advancements in Microbiology are issued by PSM. The Society formulates opinions on the conditions and needs of Polish microbiology and applies in these cases to the state authorities; cooperates with related associations in the country and abroad.   Archiving   Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico – a digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.   Plagiarism Policy   The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System’s users to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Advancements of Microbiology

Volume 57 (2018): Issue 3 (January 2018)

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LIPOPEPTIDES

PREDICTIVE MICROBIOLOGY OF FOOD

DRUG RESISTANCE IN THE GENUS ENTEROCOCCUS– CURRENT PROBLEM IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 (HIV-1) INFECTION

THE ROLE OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI INFECTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME

CURRENT CHALLENGES OF VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS CONCERNING THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI TO ANTIBIOTICS

GENOME SHUFFLING AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF DISTILLERY YEAST

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