Poland and global value chains at the beginning of the 21st century – An opportunity or a threat?
Aleksandra Nacewska-Twardowska
Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of LodzLodz, Poland
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Mar 31, 2022
About this article
Article Category: Empirical Paper
Published Online: Mar 31, 2022
Page range: 33 - 43
Received: Dec 08, 2021
Accepted: Mar 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2022-0004
Keywords
© 2022 Aleksandra Nacewska-Twardowska, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
![Backward participation index, in %, in 2005–2016.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T140549Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7ae6952b564ac4c1d3ee2b5e60aae2d8d54fe6b5c7ab00e05462b42b81dcc0e4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![Export orientation index in OECD, EU26, and Poland, in %, in 2005 and 2016.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. EU, European Union; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T140549Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=67a5015c5ece867e8981d5e9f094422e5d3aee07292eb54d25ee7cbb8cf4b541&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
![Foreign value-added content of gross exports, as a percent of industry gross exports, by industry, in 2005 and 2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. EU, European Union; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T140549Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d0865ac56e9376f99befa115cbe814e32402f12fbc589a9016c25eaaf3b9410c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
![Intensity index of domestic and FVA in industry's exports, in %, in 2005 and 2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. DVA, Domestic value added; FVA, Foreign value added; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T140549Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=52c358f8eac0d70329ff01cf679e14102d946c88920afb2b5322f743abfea5da&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5
![Export and import, by major trading partners, as a share in gross exports and imports and as a share in exports and imports of value added, in 2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T140549Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=701a1ca1e8cdf08caa888c725ca069920f9ffd46aab78c96a840a39e39074c38&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6
![Position index in GVC in OECD, EU26, and Poland, in 2005 and 2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. EU, European Union; GVC, Global value chains; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T140549Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7ec69d163a551b56adfd9bb8f2102a3198ee00f8f9043ea008a6da078f3f56e0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7
![Import and export of goods for selected economies, growth rate Y/Y-1 in %, in 2004–2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: July 01, 2021]. EU, European Union; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T140549Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0771d0a7ff0f4bff186fe11bf8f69acca113498c55b97d67f0b09d1285631412&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
![Import and export of goods for selected economies in 2020, growth rate M/M-12 in %.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: July 01, 2021]. EU, European Union; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T140549Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=106a67209b69062c97ae87c1e542dc82cb99703d52d33532bd72259e6cd701b7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)