Poland and global value chains at the beginning of the 21st century – An opportunity or a threat?
Aleksandra Nacewska-Twardowska
Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of LodzLodz, Poland
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31 mar 2022
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Categoría del artículo: Empirical Paper
Publicado en línea: 31 mar 2022
Páginas: 33 - 43
Recibido: 08 dic 2021
Aceptado: 31 mar 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2022-0004
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© 2022 Aleksandra Nacewska-Twardowska, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
![Backward participation index, in %, in 2005–2016.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T130418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=3758e78c232d3d0243cdc69cbe287e86498253be33186c0589968efce419739f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![Export orientation index in OECD, EU26, and Poland, in %, in 2005 and 2016.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. EU, European Union; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T130418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=19d152a5610003b222fd1e621f591419e8bdffddb37656fe6084baae47379ee6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
![Foreign value-added content of gross exports, as a percent of industry gross exports, by industry, in 2005 and 2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. EU, European Union; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T130418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=78ae7300767cf459d5a152111bbc38a8698708883e3418bffb32a2eac2262423&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
![Intensity index of domestic and FVA in industry's exports, in %, in 2005 and 2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. DVA, Domestic value added; FVA, Foreign value added; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T130418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ff8b921d521e027582776504fe33874b5d7b4c2d3c00f62c8dbc1ddc4d980cd4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5
![Export and import, by major trading partners, as a share in gross exports and imports and as a share in exports and imports of value added, in 2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T130418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=313ad6ffde167b2e023abc66eb648179695a665577e6b8fa9ab311f5aba8855c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6
![Position index in GVC in OECD, EU26, and Poland, in 2005 and 2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: May 11, 2021]. EU, European Union; GVC, Global value chains; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T130418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b2ec83707ef1597c94ef02536c297ebafa453dca749da3fd792056d4e56667f9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7
![Import and export of goods for selected economies, growth rate Y/Y-1 in %, in 2004–2015.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: July 01, 2021]. EU, European Union; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T130418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=33e90146b2dd640f920626603acb16d0731c9f480a9c98000f95634a728fcc9b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
![Import and export of goods for selected economies in 2020, growth rate M/M-12 in %.Source: Own study based on TiVA data, www.oe.cd/tiva [access: July 01, 2021]. EU, European Union; TiVA, Trade in value added.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6471f9cf215d2f6c89db7444/j_ijme-2022-0004_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250917%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250917T130418Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=54661efa636925f55d96c42455f0487808673c2004d75e0c4c90488c5f8ca842&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)