The Journal of Research Institute of Horticulture and Apicultural Research Association

Journal of Apicultural Science

Journal of Apicultural ONL

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The colony collapse disorder is a growing problem world-wide. For this reason, we were prompted to search for natural and harmless agents that could improve the living conditions of honey bees. This group of agents includes exogenous antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, which boost natural immunity. We analysed the effect of vitamin C supplementation on carbohydrate metabolism in the developing honey bee worker brood. The total carbohydrate content and the concentrations of glycogen, trehalose, maltotriose, fructose, and glucose were estimated. The correlations between sugar content and the activity of the main hydrolases of carbohydrate metabolism - α-amylase, glucoamylase, trehalase, maltase, and sucrase - were determined. The addition of vitamin C to the diet of wintering bees did not impair their sugar metabolism. Vitamin C supplements exerted a positive effect by significantly increasing glycogen and trehalose concentrations in the initial phase of development and in newly emerged workers. Vitamin C did not induce significant changes in the developmental profile of carbohydrate degrading enzymes, except for the earliest stage of larval development when enzyme activity levels were below those noted in the control group.</abstract>

Abstract

University of Warmia and Mazury, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Oczapowski 1A, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland

Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, The Polish Academy of Sciences, Bydgoska 1/8, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland

Keywords 

<article-title>The Effect of Dietary Vitamin C on Carbohydrate Concentrations and Hydrolase Activity, During the Development of Honey Bee Worker Brood</article-title>

The Effect of Dietary Vitamin C on Carbohydrate Concentrations and Hydrolase Activity, During the Development of Honey Bee Worker Brood

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The honey bee is credited with approximately 85% of the pollinating activity necessary to supply about one-third of the world’s food supply. Well over 50 major crops depend on these insects for pollination. The crops produce more abundantly when honey bees are plentiful. Worker bees are the ones primarily affected by pesticides. Poisoning symptoms can vary depending on the developmental stage of the individual bee, and the kind of chemical employed. The oral toxicity of these insecticides: (phosalone and pirimicarb), acaricide (propargite), insecticide and acaricide (fenpropathrin), fungicides, and bactericides (copper oxychloride and the Bordeaux mixture), were evaluated for the purposes of this research. The results showed that fenpropathrin had high acute oral toxicity (LC50-24h and LC50-48 were 0.54 and 0.3 ppm, respectively). Propargite had 7785 ppm (active ingredient) for LC50-24h and 6736 ppm (active ingredient) for LC50-48h in honeybees and is therefore, non-toxic to Apis mellifera. On the other hand, copper oxychloride had minimum acute oral toxicity to honeybees (LC50-24h and LC50-48 were 4591.5 and 5407.9 ppm, respectively) and was therefore considered non-toxic. Also, the Bordeaux mixture was safe to use around honeybees. Phosalone and primicarb were considered highly and moderately toxic to honeybees, respectively.</abstract>

University of Kurdistan, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, 6617715175 Sanadaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran

<article-title>The Acute Oral Toxicity of Commonly Used Pesticides in Iran, to Honeybees (Apis Mellifera Meda)</article-title>

The Acute Oral Toxicity of Commonly Used Pesticides in Iran, to Honeybees (Apis Mellifera Meda)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Understanding the factors that have an impact on the diversity of forage flora in the agricultural landscape is a key issue in the maintenance and control of food niches for pollinators. Field margins are common linear structures in the agricultural landscape. In the present study, we evaluated the factors that exert an impact on the forage flora composition and on the diversity in field margins. The study was conducted in the 2010 - 2011 time period across the agricultural landscape on the Lublin Upland of SE Poland. Data on the forage flora were obtained while making floristic charts along 45 transect plots x 300 m; the total length being 13500 m. Multivariate ordination techniques (PCA and RDA) were employed to analyse forage-flora characteristics. Field margins represent valuable refuge areas for forage-species richness, but not for the abundance of forage species. On field margins, forage-species diversity benefits from the location of natural habitats (forests or meadows), primarily if the distance from these habitats is &lt;1000 m or the field acreage is &lt;10 ha. The shift from heterogeneous habitats to a more homogeneous landscape causes a reduction of forage floral diversity. Due to lack of dense forage-species patches, the promotion of sowing nectariferous and/or polleniferous species seems to be a reasonable management method to enhance the quantitative food niche on field margins and to support the conservation of pollinators in the areas surrounding farms.</abstract>

Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland

Department of Geobotany, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland

<article-title>The Importance of Field-Margin Location for Maintenance of Food Niches for Pollinators</article-title>

The Importance of Field-Margin Location for Maintenance of Food Niches for Pollinators

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Eighteen samples of honeys which were harvested over several beekeeping seasons from apiaries located in the area of the “Kózki” Nature Reserve (central-eastern Poland) were the subject of the present study. The “Kózki” Nature Reserve is included in the European Ecological Network Natura 2000 program. A microscopic analysis of the pollen sediment in the honeys showed the presence of 61 pollen types from 32 botanical families in the investigated material. There were represented by nectariferous (72.1%) and nonnectariferous plants (27.9%) and both entomophilous and anemophilous ones. The total number of pollen taxa in individual samples ranged from 13 to 37. The main sources of nectar from trees and shrubs were: Frangula alnus, Prunus, Robinia pseudacacia, Rubus, Salix, Tilia. The main sources of nectar from herbaceous plants were: Anthriscus, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Centaurea cyanus, Taraxacum, and Trifolium repens. Four unifloral honeys (three fruit tree honeys and one lime honey) and fourteen multifloral honeys, with a significant percentage of pollen from several nectariferous plant taxa, were distinguished in the studied material.</abstract>

University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Botany Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland

<article-title>Botanical Characteristics of Polish Honeys from Natura 2000 Habitats</article-title>

Botanical Characteristics of Polish Honeys from Natura 2000 Habitats

{"article-title":"Botanical Characteristics of Polish Honeys from Natura 2000 Habitats"}

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Exposure of A. mellifera workers to CO2 has been reported to decrease life span, induce behavioral changes, and inhibit the development of some glands and the ovaries. However, the use of CO2 is currently practiced among beekeepers and how the development of workers’ ovaries are affected is unknown. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of CO2 on the ovaries of A. mellifera workers, using a morphological approach. Newly emerged, and 3, 5, and 10-day-old workers were exposed to saturated CO2 for 30 seconds, more than once. The ovaries were examined under light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ovaries of narcotized, 5-day-old workers exhibited long ovarioles with well-developed germarium, although oogenesis showed little development. While in the control group, the ovaries already exhibited cysts with cystocytes forming rosettes. At 10-days-old, the ovaries feature was variable; some of the ovaries showed ovarioles with many rosette cysts while others showed a high intensity of disorganization due to the beginning of cell death. The ovarioles of the ovaries of 15-day-old treated workers were morphologically varied as oogenesis showed little or no advance. In others cases, a complete disorganization with swollen cells and cell death features were observed. Germ cells of the ovaries of CO2-treated workers exhibited well-structured organelles, such as the Golgi complex, and larger amounts of mitochondria in the cytoplasm than the control group, but there was disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Our findings revealed that the exposure of workers to CO2 promotes impairment of oogenesis and ovarian degradation.</abstract>

Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Av. 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13.506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil

<article-title>Ovary Development in Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.) Workers Under Co2 Narcosis, Caged Outside of the Colony</article-title>

Ovary Development in Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.) Workers Under Co Narcosis, Caged Outside of the Colony

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Twenty managed honey bee colonies, split between 5 apiaries with 4 hives each, were monitored between the summer of 2011 and spring of 2013. Living bees were sampled in July 2011, July 2012, and August 2012. Twenty-five, medium-aged bees, free of varroa mites, were pooled per colony and date, to form one sample. Unlike in France and Belgium, Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) has not been found in Luxembourg. Slow Bee Paralysis Virus (SBPV) and Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) levels were below detection limits. Traces of Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV) were amplified. Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Varroa destructor Virus-1 (VDV-1), and SacBrood Virus (SBV) were detected in all samples and are reported from Luxembourg for the first time. Varroa destructor Macula- Like Virus (VdMLV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), and Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV) were detected at all locations, and in most but not all samples. There was a significant increase in VDV-1 and DWV levels within the observation period. A principal component analysis was unable to separate the bees of colonies that survived the following winter from bees that died, based on their virus contents in summer. The number of dead varroa mites found below colonies was elevated in colonies that died in the following winter. Significant positive relationships were found between the log-transformed virus levels of the bees and the log-transformed number of mites found below the colonies per week, for VDV-1 and DWV. Sacbrood virus levels were independent of varroa levels, suggesting a neutral or competitive relationship between this virus and varroa.</abstract>

Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department ‘Environmental Research and Innovation’ (ERIN), 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg

Administration des Services Techniques de l’Agriculture, B.P. 1904, L-1019 Luxembourg, Luxembourg

<article-title>Virus Status, Varroa Levels, and Survival of 20 Managed Honey Bee Colonies Monitored in Luxembourg Between the Summer of 2011 and the Spring of 2013</article-title>

Virus Status, Varroa Levels, and Survival of 20 Managed Honey Bee Colonies Monitored in Luxembourg Between the Summer of 2011 and the Spring of 2013

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This study was conducted at the apiary of the Agricultural and Veterinary Training and Research Station, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The purpose was to study the relationship between the botanical origin and chemical composition of bee-collected pollen. The amount of mineral elements present in bee-collected pollen was also studied. The composition of pollen loads showed the maximum contents of dry matter, ash, glucose, fructose, magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and manganese (Mn) for the date palm; the maximum contents of protein, calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn) for alfalfa; the maximum contents of fiber, and copper (Cu) for the sunflower; the maximum contents of the lipids and iron (Fe) for summer squash; and the maximum contents of sodium (Na), and potassium (K) for rape. Calcium was found to be correlated in a significantly (p&lt;0.01) positive way with K, Na, Mg, P, Mn, and Zn. Copper, though, was correlated in a significantly (p&lt;0.01) negative way with Ca, Mg, P, Mn, and Zn. The high levels of protein, ash, glucose, and fructose, and low lipid content found in bee-pollen from the date palm and from alfalfa, mean that pollen from the date palm and from alfalfa make an excellent food supplement. It was concluded, that the chemical composition of beecollected pollen can be correlated with the plant species from which pollen was collected.</abstract>

Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia

Department of Economic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University,Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

<article-title>Chemical Composition and Amounts of Mineral Elements in Honeybee-Collected Pollen in Relation to Botanical Origin</article-title>

Chemical Composition and Amounts of Mineral Elements in Honeybee-Collected Pollen in Relation to Botanical Origin

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The effects of pollen protein content on the colony development of Bombus terrestris were investigated by feeding queens and queenright colonies with four different pollen diets. We used three kinds of commercially available pure pollen (Cistus spp. 11.9%, Papaver somniferum 21.4%, and Sinapis arvensis 21.8% crude protein). We also used a mixture which was made up of equal weights of these pure pollens (18.4 % crude protein). All queens and colonies were fed with sugar syrup and pollen diets ad libitum (28 ± 1 ℃, 65 ± 5% RH). Until there were 50 workers reached, colonies fed with the Cistus pollen diet (167.4 ± 28.9 g) consumed significantly more pollen than colonies fed with the Papaver pollen diet (140.7 ± 15.7 g), the mixed pollen diet (136.2 ± 20.1 g) or colonies fed with the Sinapis pollen diet (132.4 ± 22.6 g). The date when there were 50 workers reached was approximately one week later in the colonies fed with the Cistus, and colonies fed with the Papaver diet than in the colonies fed with the Sinapis diet, and for colonies fed with the mixed pollen diets. Considering 8 tested criteria, the best performances were observed using the Sinapis, and using the mixed pollen diets. The lowest performances were observed using the Cistus pollen diet. Results showed that pollen sources play an important role in commercial bumblebee rearing. Results also showed that the polyfloral pollen diets are more suitable for mass rearing of bumblebees than the unifloral pollen diets.</abstract>

Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection 07059 Antalya, Turkey

Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science 07059 Antalya, Turkey

<article-title>The Effects of Pollen Protein Content on Colony Development of the Bumblebee, Bombus Terrestris L.</article-title>

The Effects of Pollen Protein Content on Colony Development of the Bumblebee, Bombus Terrestris L.

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The value of propolis as a disinfectant agent in the bee hive is considerable. We investigated the fungistatic effect of cinnamic acid and pinocembrin on the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causing chalkbrood disease in bee colonies in the laboratory with an agar diffusion test on malt extract agar. The minimal fungicide inhibitory concentration was 0.5% for cinnamic acid and 1.5% for pinocembrin (MIC -values). Both substances were tested by individual application for adult bee tolerance in a range of dosages and for brood tolerance (L1 - L5) referring to the MIC values. The dermal toxicity of adult bees for cinnamic acid and pinocembrin was low, a maximum of 3.3% even in the highest dosage of 1000 μg (concentration 20%) and 250 μg (concentration 5%) per bee, respectively. The mortality rates showed no significant differences to the controls (z-test, p≤0.05). First results on brood tolerability after application of test substances resulted in larval mortality but primarily in the group of young larvae. The mortality reduced simultaneous with the increasing larval weight. The total larval mortality 72 hours after the application over all stages was 28.7% for cinnamic acid and 13.1% for pinocembrin (positive control group 24.8%; negative control group 15.4%). The test groups showed no significant increased mortality compared to the control groups (z-test, p≥0.05). Both substances have in vitro fungicide potential and can be considered as potential active agents against A. apis in honey bee drugs. The results provide high tolerance of adult bees and an indication for larval tolerability most notably in elder larvae.</abstract>

Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurobiology Königin-Luise-Strasse 28-30, 14195 Berlin, Germany

<article-title>Effect of the Propolis Components, Cinnamic Acid and Pinocembrin, on Apis Mellifera and Ascosphaera Apis</article-title>

Effect of the Propolis Components, Cinnamic Acid and Pinocembrin, on Apis Mellifera and Ascosphaera Apis

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - based detection systems: indirect competitive ELISA and biotinylated double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) were developed to determine the melittin concentration in honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom and the melittin concentration in cosmetics which contain bee venom. The indirect competitive ELISA employed chicken anti-melittin IgY. The biotinylated DAS-ELISA employed anti-melittin monoclonal antibody (MAb) and biotinylated anti-melittin IgY. To produce anti-melittin IgY; Sigma melittin was emulsified with Freund‘s incomplete adjuvant and immunised to Leghorn laying chickens intramuscularly at four different sites (50 μg/mL, 0.25 mL per site) of the breast muscles. After 5 to 8 weeks of the immunisation, anti-melittin IgY was extracted and analysed by ELISA. The anti-melittin IgY antibody produced was highly specific to melittin and did not cross-react with other bee venom proteins, as examined by ELISA and a western-blot assay. Indirect competitive ELISA demonstrated a higher range of melittin detection (2.5 to 80 μg/mL). Double antibody sandwich ELISA using MAb as the capture antibody and biotinylated polyclonal IgY as the detection antibody, provided a lower range of detection (2.5 - 40 ng/mL), which has a 1000 times higher sensitivity than that of indirect competitive ELISA. Therefore, indirect competitive ELISA is a useful tool to measure the concentration of melittin in bee venom as a raw material. Biotinylated DAS-ELISA, on the other hand, is more suitable for nanoscale quantification of melittin in commercial products.</abstract>

Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1

Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 449-728, Republic of Korea

<article-title>The Use of Chicken Igy in a Double Antibody Sandwich Elisa for the Quantification of Melittin in Bee Venom and Bee Venom Melittin Content in Cosmetics</article-title>

The Use of Chicken Igy in a Double Antibody Sandwich Elisa for the Quantification of Melittin in Bee Venom and Bee Venom Melittin Content in Cosmetics

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Thermodynamic properties of selected honeys: glass transition temperature (Tg), the change in specifi c heat capacity (ΔCp), and enthalpy (ΔH) were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in relation to the composition i.e. water and sugar content. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of various types of honey differed significantly (p&lt;0.05) and ranged from -49.7°C (polyfloral) to -34.8°C (sunflower). There was a strong correlation between the Tg values and the moisture content in honey (r = -0.94). The degree of crystallisation of the honey also influenced the Tg values. It has been shown that the presence or absence of sugar crystals influenced the glass transition temperature. For the decrystallised honeys, the Tg values were 6 to 11°C lower than for the crystallised honeys. The more crystallised a honey was, the greater the temperature difference was between the decrystallised and crystallized honey. In conclusion, to obtain reliable DSC results, it is crucial to measure the glass transition after the complete liquefaction of honey.</abstract>

University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland

Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Białystok, Poland

<article-title>Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Honeys</article-title>

Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Selected Honeys

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Bee pollen has been used for many years in traditional medicine and supplementary nutrients. Bee pollen is mainly composed of nutrients and bioactive substances which might act as potential antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors. In this study, 14 species of monofloral bee pollen from China were collected to analyse their antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory properties. Our results revealed that virtually all the bee pollen samples possessed powerful antioxidant or tyrosinase inhibitory activities. These properties varied greatly depending on the fl oral species and extraction solvents. To extract phenolics of various species of bee pollen, the most effective solvent may be a solvent which is a 75 wt. % ethanol/water. Extracts of wuweizi, rape, phellodendron, apricot, and dandelion pollen had stronger antioxidant activities; on the other hand, those of apricot, camellia, and sunflower presented excellent tyrosinase inhibitory activities. In addition, we may have found a novel discovery: that apricot pollen exhibits both powerful antioxidant and strong tyrosinase inhibitory activities.</abstract>

Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1, Beigou, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijng, China

Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China

<article-title>Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of Aqueous Ethanol Extracts from Monofloral Bee Pollen</article-title>

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of Aqueous Ethanol Extracts from Monofloral Bee Pollen

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>We examined the influence of curcumin-supplemented feeding on worker lifespan, Nosema resistance, key enzyme activities, metabolic compound concentrations and percentage of the global DNA methylation. Two worker groups (Apis mellifera) were set up: 1) control group; workers were fed ad libitum with sucrose syrup; 2) workers were fed with the syrup with the addition of curcumin. Dead workers were removed every two days and the Nosema spp. infection levels were assessed. Hemolymph was taken from living workers for biochemical analyses. The global DNA methylation level was analysed using DNA from worker heads and thoraces. The bees that consumed curcumin lived longer and were less infested with Nosema spp. The curcumin-treated workers had higher concentrations of proteins, non-enzymatic biomarkers (triglycerides, glucose, cholesterol, Mg2+ and Ca2+), uric acid and creatinine, as well as elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD , GPx, CAT , GST ), neutral proteases, protease inhibitors, enzymatic biomarkers (AST , ALT , ALP ). The concentrations of albumin and urea, and the activities of acidic and alkaline proteases were higher in the control group. Curcumin decreased global DNA methylation levels especially in older bees in which the natural, age-related level increase was observed. Most of the parameters increased over the apian youth and adulthood, and decreased in older bees. The decrease was markedly delayed in the bees fed with curcumin. Curcumin appeared to be an unexpectedly effective natural bio-stimulator, improving apian health and vitality. This multifactorial effect is caused by the activation of many biochemical processes involved in the formation of apian resistance.</abstract>

Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland

<article-title>Curcumin Stimulates Biochemical Mechanisms of Apis Mellifera Resistance and Extends the Apian Life-Span</article-title>

Curcumin Stimulates Biochemical Mechanisms of Apis Mellifera Resistance and Extends the Apian Life-Span

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>To detect beeswax adulteration with hydrocarbons of alien origin (e.g. paraffin), gas chromatography with mass detector (GC-MS) technique was used. The method has been verified here on beeswax samples with different addition (3, 5, 10, 30, and 50%) of paraffin and validated under the conditions of repeatability and within - laboratory reproducibility. The addition of paraffin to beeswax can already be detected on the basis of an analysis of the chromatograms. The intensity of individual alkane peaks increased with the increase of the amount of paraffin added to the beeswax. This increase was the mostly visible for the alkanes with even numbers of carbon atoms in the molecule: C24H50, C26H54, C28H58, C30H62, C32H66, and C34H70. These observations have also been proven by quantitative analysis performed using the internal standard method. Adding paraffin to beeswax resulted in an increase in the total contents of n-alkanes as well as individual alkanes, and in particular, of the even-numbered alkanes. The addition of paraffin to beeswax also resulted in the appearance of alkanes containing over 35 carbon atoms in the molecule, which were not detected in beeswax. The method for determination of beeswax hydrocarbons with the GC-MS technique is characterised by satisfactory repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility. This method can be used for the detection of beeswax adulteration with hydrocarbons of alien origin (e.g. paraffin).</abstract>

Research Institute of Horticulture, Apiculture Department, Puławy, Poland

<article-title>Application of Gas Chromatography with the Mass Detector (GC-MS) Technique for Detection of Beeswax Adulteration with Paraffin</article-title>

Application of Gas Chromatography with the Mass Detector (GC-MS) Technique for Detection of Beeswax Adulteration with Paraffin

Journal of Apicultural Science is covered by the following services: <ul> <li> AGRICOLA (National Agricultural Library) </li> <li> AGRO </li> <li> Arianta </li> <li> Baidu Scholar </li> <li> Cabell's Whitelist </li> <li> CABI (over 50 subsections) </li> <li> Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - CAplus </li> <li> Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - SciFinder </li> <li> CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) </li> <li> CNPIEC - cnpLINKer </li> <li> Dimensions </li> <li> DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) </li> <li> EBSCO </li> <li> ExLibris </li> <li> FSTA - Food Science &amp; Technology Abstracts </li> <li> Genamics JournalSeek </li> <li> Google Scholar </li> <li> Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) </li> <li> J-Gate </li> <li> Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition </li> <li> JournalGuide </li> <li> JournalTOCs </li> <li> KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders) </li> <li> MyScienceWork </li> <li> Naver Academic </li> <li> Naviga (Softweco) </li> <li> ProQuest </li> <li> Publons </li> <li> QOAM (Quality Open Access Market) </li> <li> ReadCube </li> <li> SCImago (SJR) </li> <li> SCOPUS </li> <li> Semantic Scholar </li> <li> Sherpa/RoMEO </li> <li> TDNet </li> <li> Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb </li> <li> WanFang Data </li> <li> Web of Science - Biological Abstracts </li> <li> Web of Science - BIOSIS Previews </li> <li> Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded </li> <li> Web of Science - Zoological Record </li> <li> WorldCat (OCLC) </li> <li> X-MOL </li> </ul>

Journal of Apicultural Science ist in den folgenden Services indiziert: <ul> <li> AGRICOLA (National Agricultural Library) </li> <li> AGRO </li> <li> Arianta </li> <li> Baidu Scholar </li> <li> Cabell's Whitelist </li> <li> CABI (over 50 subsections) </li> <li> Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - CAplus </li> <li> Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - SciFinder </li> <li> CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) </li> <li> CNPIEC - cnpLINKer </li> <li> Dimensions </li> <li> DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) </li> <li> EBSCO </li> <li> ExLibris </li> <li> FSTA - Food Science &amp; Technology Abstracts </li> <li> Genamics JournalSeek </li> <li> Google Scholar </li> <li> Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) </li> <li> J-Gate </li> <li> Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition </li> <li> JournalGuide </li> <li> JournalTOCs </li> <li> KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders) </li> <li> MyScienceWork </li> <li> Naver Academic </li> <li> Naviga (Softweco) </li> <li> ProQuest </li> <li> Publons </li> <li> QOAM (Quality Open Access Market) </li> <li> ReadCube </li> <li> SCImago (SJR) </li> <li> SCOPUS </li> <li> Semantic Scholar </li> <li> Sherpa/RoMEO </li> <li> TDNet </li> <li> Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb </li> <li> WanFang Data </li> <li> Web of Science - Biological Abstracts </li> <li> Web of Science - BIOSIS Previews </li> <li> Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded </li> <li> Web of Science - Zoological Record </li> <li> WorldCat (OCLC) </li> <li> X-MOL </li> </ul>

Editor-in-Chief Zbigniew Kołtowski, PhD, Associate Professor National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, <A>Apiculture Division in Puławy,</A> Poland; email: <A href="mailto:zbigniew.koltowski@inhort.pl">zbigniew.koltowski@inhort.pl</A> Vice Editor-in-Chief Andrzej Oleksa, PhD, Associate Professor Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Department of Genetics, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:olek@ukw.edu.pl">olek@ukw.edu.pl</A>, <A href="mailto:andrzej.oleksa@gmail.com">andrzej.oleksa@gmail.com</A> Statistical Editor Robert Maciorowski, PhD, Associate Professor National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:robert.maciorowski@inhort.pl">robert.maciorowski@inhort.pl</A> Technical Editors Beata Panasiuk, PhD National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Apiculture Division in Puławy, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:jas@inhort.pl">jas@inhort.pl</A>, <A href="mailto:beata.panasiuk@inhort.pl">beata.panasiuk@inhort.pl</A> Sławomir Machaj National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:slawomir.machaj@inhort.pl">slawomir.machaj@inhort.pl</A> Section Editors: Bee Biology: Adam Tofilski, PhD, Associate Professor University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Poland; email: <A href="mailto:rotofils@cyf-kr.edu.pl">rotofils@cyf-kr.edu.pl</A> Grzegorz Borsuk, Professor University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Sub-Department of Apidology, Lublin, Poland; email: <A href="mailto:grzegorz.borsuk@up.lublin.pl">grzegorz.borsuk@up.lublin.pl</A> Bee Genetics: Andrzej Oleksa, PhD, Associate Professor Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Department of Genetics, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:olek@ukw.edu.pl">olek@ukw.edu.pl</A> Beata Horecka, PhD, Assistant Professor University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Sub-department of General and Molecular Genetics, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:beata.horecka@up.lublin.pl">beata.horecka@up.lublin.pl</A> Bee Breeding: Małgorzata Bieńkowska, PhD, Associate Professor National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Apiculture Division in Puławy, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:malgorzata.bienkowska@inhort.pl">malgorzata.bienkowska@inhort.pl</A> Krzysztof Olszewski, PhD, Associate Professor University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Sub-Department of Apidology, Lublin, Poland; email: <A href="mailto:krzysztof.olszewski@up.lublin.pl">krzysztof.olszewski@up.lublin.pl</A> Pathology and Toxicology: Paweł Chorbiński, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:pawel.chorbinski@upwr.edu.pl">pawel.chorbinski@upwr.edu.pl</A> Maria Michalczyk / PhD, DVM / Assistant Professor University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Olsztyn, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:maria.michalczyk@uwm.edu.pl">maria.michalczyk@uwm.edu.pl</A> Pollination and Bee Botany: Zbigniew Kołtowski, PhD, Associate Professor National Institute of Horticultural Research, Skierniewice, Apiculture Division in Puławy, Poland; email: <A href="mailto:zbigniew.koltowski@inhort.pl">zbigniew.koltowski@inhort.pl</A> Marzena Masierowska, PhD, Associate Professor University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Sub-department of Plant Biology, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:marzena.masierowska@up.lublin.pl">marzena.masierowska@up.lublin.pl</A>; <A href="mailto:mlm25@up.lublin.pl">mlm25@up.lublin.pl</A> Bee Products: Sławomir Bakier, Professor Białystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Forest Sciences, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:s.bakier@pb.edu.pl">s.bakier@pb.edu.pl</A> Małgorzata J. Dżugan, PhD, DSc, Associate Professor University of Rzeszow, Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:mdzugan@ur.edu.pl">mdzugan@ur.edu.pl</A> Izabela Jasicka-Misiak, PhD, Associate Professor University of Opole, Department of Pharmacy and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Poland e-mail: <A href="mailto:izabela.jasicka@uni.opole.pl">izabela.jasicka@uni.opole.pl</A> Management, Technologies, and Economy: Jerzy Wilde, Professor Warmia and Mazury University in Olsztyn, Department of Poultry Science and Apiculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:jerzy.wilde@uwm.edu.pl">jerzy.wilde@uwm.edu.pl</A> Krystyna Czekońska, PhD, Associate Professor University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science; e-mail: <A href="mailto:krystyna.czekonska@urk.edu.pl">krystyna.czekonska@urk.edu.pl</A> Solitary Bees and Bumblebees: Tadeusz Pawlikowski, PhD, Associate Professor, emeryt. Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland e-mail: <A href="mailto:pawlik@biol.uni.torun.pl">pawlik@biol.uni.torun.pl</A>; <A href="mailto:pawlik@umk.pl">pawlik@umk.pl</A> Waldemar Celary, PhD, Associate Professor Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Kielce, Poland e-mail: <A href="mailto:waldemar.celary@ujk.edu.pl">waldemar.celary@ujk.edu.pl</A> Karol Giejdasz, PhD, Associate Professor Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Zoology, Laboratory of Apidology, Poland; e-mail: <A href="mailto:karol.giejdasz@up.poznan.pl">karol.giejdasz@up.poznan.pl</A> Advisory Board Kaspar Bienefeld (Germany) Sarah Alexandra Corbet (England) Cecilia Costa (Italy) Maria da Graça Campos (Portugal) Dan Eisikowitch (Israel) Halit Vasfi Gençer (Turkey) Krzysztof Grzywnowicz (Poland) Ernesto Guzman (Canada) Fani Hatjina (Greece) Per Kryger (Denmark) Algirdas Skirkevičus (Lithuania) Andreas Thrasyvoulou (Greece) Werner von der Ohe (Germany) Michał Woyciechowski (Poland) Jerzy Woyke (Poland) Krystyna Żółtowska (Poland) Contact The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Apiculture Division, Kazimierska 2A Str. 24-100 Puławy, POLAND. Phone: 48 81 886 42 08 Fax: 48 81 886 42 09 Beata Panasiuk, e-mail: <A href="mailto:jas@inhort.pl">jas@inhort.pl</A> Publisher De Gruyter Poland Bogumiła Zuga 32A Str. 01-811 Warsaw, Poland T: +48 22 701 50 15

Manuscripts should be submitted via the Manuscript Editorial System at <A href="https://www.editorialsystem.com/jas">www.editorialsystem.com/jas</A> by the corresponding author, who acts for all authors. To submit your manuscript, you need to register with the Editorial System of the Journal of Apicultural Science with your data including your email and selected password. Your account will be used for future reference. Please follow the instructions displayed on the screen after accessing the website. Peer review The Journal of Apicultural Science uses double-blind review, so the identity of the authors is concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. All manuscripts undergo a preliminary assessment by the Editorial Board. Those that do not fall within the journal scope, are of insufficient general interest, and/or do not meet the <A href="https://sciendo-parsed-data-feed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/JAS/Guidelines_for_authors.pdf">Guidelines for Authors</A> and/or acceptable standards of English are returned to the author/s. The remaining manuscripts are assigned to the appropriate Section Editor for evaluation. Open Access License This journal provides immediate open access to its content under the <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons BY 4.0 license</A>. Authors who publish with this journal retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned <A href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0 license</A>. Open Access Statement The journal is an Open Access journal that allows a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Article publishing charges Processing Charges cover administrative support, commissioning content; technical infrastructure and innovation: development, maintenance and operation of online journal system and websites. The article processing charge is EUR 500 / 2,000 PLN (discounts or waivers are given to authors- pending Editorial Board Members decision). For more information please visit our <A href="https://sciendo-parsed-data-feed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/JAS/Guidelines_for_authors.pdf">Guidelines for Authors</A>.

<DIV align=left> The Journal of Apicultural Science is a scientific, English-language journal that publishes both original research articles and review papers covering all aspects of the life of bees (superfamily Apoidea) and broadly defined apiculture. The main subject areas include: <UL> <LI>bee biology </LI> <LI>bee genetics </LI> <LI>bee breeding </LI> <LI>pathology and toxicology </LI> <LI>pollination and bee botany </LI> <LI>bee products </LI> <LI>management, technologies, and economy </LI> <LI>solitary bees and bumblebees </LI></UL> Publication options The Journal of Apicultural Science has been published by the National Institute of Horticultural Research and Apicultural Research Association twice a year in paper and online versions since 2001. The Journal is a continuation of the former scientific periodical "Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe," issued from 1957 to 2000. Archive issues of Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe and issues of the Journal of Apicultural Science published since 2001 to 2011 are available at the original Journal's website (<A href="http://www.jas.org.pl/">www.jas.org.pl</A>). The paper version is available at <A href="http://www.jas.org.pl/">www.jas.org.pl</A> (subscriptions). After acceptance, articles are given DOI numbers, assigned to successive volumes and issues, and published online by Sciendo (<A href="https://sciendo.com/journal/JAS">sciendo.com/journal/JAS</A>), which has used the open access model since 2012. Archiving Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in <A href="https://www.portico.org/">Portico</A> - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections. Plagiarism Policy The editorial board is participating in a growing community of <A href="https://www.crossref.org/services/similarity-check/">Similarity Check System's</A> users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. </DIV>

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Tom 59 (2015): Zeszyt 1 (June 2015)

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