<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Mercury is a toxic metal which causes several serious health effects including kidney damage, anxiety depression and peripheral neuropathy, and because of its high volatility assessment in solid samples is problematic. In this study, forty-five samples of local Polish and imported honeys were analyzed by Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) for the determination of mercury content. The honey contamination was assessed regarding honey variety and country of origin. Hg level in all tested samples was found to not exceed the 0.81 μg/kg which was below 10% of the applicable law UE limit. Moreover, no statistically significant differences were found in the variety or geographical origin. The study concluded that the Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) instrument proved to be an excellent tool for screening mercury in honeys because of its simplicity, rapidity, low detection limit, accuracy and precision and no sample preparation.
</abstract>

Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology

Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Nutrition, Voivodeship Sanitary-Epidemiological Station in Rzeszów

Assessment of Mercury Level in Local Polish and Imported Honeys with Use of Direct Mercury Analyzer

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Two different levels of diversity within a colony were compared for the prevalence of pathogens and diseases. Lower genetic diversity was obtained in the colonies in which the queens were inseminated with semen collected from drones originating from a single colony, while greater was obtained in the colonies with queens inseminated with semen from drones of thirty different colonies. Bees were tested for <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> infestation, microsporidia <italic>Vairimorpha</italic> spp. infection, acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and deformed wing virus (DWV). Colonies with a greater genetic diversity of workers in colonies were more infested with <italic>Varroa</italic> mites than genetically uniform colonies. <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation was not found to be associated directly with the weakening of bee colonies after winter. The two experimental groups had a similar number of colonies infected with <italic>Vairimorpha</italic>, and viruses. Intensity of <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation and <italic>Vairimorpha</italic> infection did not significantly affect the overwintering of bee colonies. Colonies in which DWV was detected significantly weakened during overwintering.
</abstract>

Health Status of Honeybee Colonies Differing in Genetic Intra-Colonial Diversity

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The honey bee has a significant environmental and economic impact. While collecting food or water, bees are exposed to negative physical and chemical factors that lead to physiological and behavioral changes and, consequently, even death. Along with the development of technology and communication, electromagnetic fields produced by artificial emitters have begun to have an impact on the environment. The aim of the study was to check whether the electromagnetic field also impacts antioxidant enzymes functioning in the honey bee's organism. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions, and one-day and seven-day-old honey bee workers were used in the experiment. Honey bee workers were exposed to an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 50Hz and variable intensity in the range of 1–10 kV/m. Immediately after the end of the exposure, hemolymph was collected from the bees for biochemical analysis. The results of the research did not show clearly whether changes in the activity of biochemical markers were affected by the time spent in the electromagnetic field or its intensity but did show that there was a difference in physiology between one-day-old and seven-day-old bees.
</abstract>

Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare

Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences

Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department

Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Influence of Electromagnetic Field with Frequency of 50 Hz in form of Doses on Selected Biochemical Markers of Honey Bee

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Propolis (bee glue), a valuable biological mixture produced by European honey bees (<italic>Apis mellifera</italic> L.), is widely used as a remedy in traditional and alternative medicine, as an effective food biopreservative and as a nutritional value enhancer. The present study aimed to investigate eighty propolis samples collected from all twenty-eight districts of Bulgaria in the period of 2020–2022 in order to determine their physicochemical properties as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. The raw propolis samples exhibited brown or green colour depending on the climatic zone from which they are collected and pH values from 4.82 to 5.87, while the moisture content ranged between 0.98% and 2.97%. The total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) varied from 63.14 mg GAE/g to 737.27 mg GAE/g, and from 29.22 mg QE/g to 234.17 mg QE/g, respectively. The propolis samples demonstrated significant antioxidant potential determined by DPPH and FRAP methods, from 18.56 mM TE/g to 1598.66 mM TE/g and from 82.28 mM TE/g to 1208.81 mM TE/g, respectively, whose values showed a positive correlation (<italic>r</italic>2) with the TPC and TFC. The results from the antimicrobial screening revealed that the methanolic propolis extracts in concentration of 20 mg/ml exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive bacteria such as <italic>Micrococcus luteus</italic> 2YC-YT, <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> ATCC 6633, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> ATCC 25923, <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic> NBIMCC 8632 and <italic>Listeria innocua</italic> ATCC 33090.
</abstract>

Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry

Comparative Study on Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis Collected from Different Regions of Bulgaria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Oilseed rape is an economically important crop and provides a good nectar resource. In this study, the nectar secretion characteristics of five winter oilseed rape (<italic>Brassica napus</italic> L.) cultivars in China were examined throughout the daytime. The correlations of corolla opening size, air temperature and relative humidity with nectar production were also determined. Different daily patterns of nectar secretion were detected in flowers opening at different times of the day, and similar trends were observed among cultivars. The nectar volume and nectar sugar concentration in flowers that opened before 9:00 peaked on the first day. The nectar volume of flowers that opened at 11:00 peaked on the second day, and the nectar sugar concentration peaked on the first day. The total nectar yield of flowers opening before 9:00 (4.422–5.265 μl) was lower than that of flowers opening at 11:00 (7.982–10.646 μl). The average nectar sugar concentration of flowers opening before 9:00 (18.4–23.3%) was higher than that of flowers opening at 11:00 (15.3–17.5%). The nectar volume was positively correlated with air temperature and relative humidity, while the nectar sugar concentration was positively correlated with air temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity. The nectar volume and nectar sugar concentration were positively correlated with corolla opening size. The glucose/fructose ratio ranged from 0.89 to 1.44. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the nectar secretion patterns of <italic>B. napus</italic> L. and will support further studies assessing the melliferous potential of <italic>B. napus</italic> L. and the temporal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions.
</abstract>

State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research

Sericulture and Apiculture Research Institute

Relationships between Flower Opening Time, Environmental Conditions, Corolla Opening Size and Nectar Production in Five Winter Oilseed Rape (<italic>Brassica napus</italic> L.) Cultivars in China

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Surveys were conducted in Malatya and Elazığ provinces of Eastern Türkiye between 2018–2019 to detect the presence and distribution of <italic>Deformed wing virus</italic> (DWV), <italic>Acute bee paralysis virus</italic> (ABPV) and <italic>Black queen cell virus</italic> (BQCV) infecting honey bees and <italic>Varroa</italic> mites. Thirty <italic>Varroa</italic> mites feeding on honey bees and 147 honey bees were collected from twenty-five apiaries of Malatya and fifteen apiaries of Elazığ. The collected samples were subjected to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. All tested viruses were found to be present in the samples singly or as mixed infections. The prevalence of the viruses were 23.81%, 12.93%, and 10.20% for DWV, ABPV and BQCV, respectively. Five out of thirty <italic>Varroa</italic> mites tested for the viruses were found to be infected only with DWV. Randomly chosen sequences of each detected virus’s partial polyprotein gene region were registered in GenBank under the accession numbers OP805878, OP805879, OP805880, OP805887, OP805888, OP805889, OP805890, OP805891 (DWV), OP805881, OP805882, OP805883, OP805884 (ABPV) and OP805885, OP805886 (BQCV). The phylogenetic tree of the viral isolates were compared with the world isolates. DWV isolates were found to be closely related to the UK, Lebanon, Türkiye, France, Germany and Israel isolates, whereas ABPV isolates were related to Türkiye, South Africa, Slovenia, Serbia, France, Hungary, Syria and USA isolates and BQCV isolates were related to China, South Korea, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Poland, South Africa, Australia and Sweden isolates. The presence of DWV, ABPV and BQCV infections in Malatya and Elazığ provinces of Türkiye is revealed for the first time in this study.
</abstract>

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Deformed Wing, Acute Bee Paralysis and Black Queen Cell Viruses Infecting Honey Bees and <italic>Varroa</italic> Mites

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Journal of Apicultural Science

 The Journal of Apicultural Science is a scientific, English-language journal that publishes both original research articles and review papers covering all aspects of the life of bees (superfamily Apoidea) and broadly defined apiculture. The main subject areas include:   bee biology  bee genetics  bee breeding  pathology and toxicology  pollination and bee botany  bee products  management, technologies, and economy  solitary bees and bumblebees   Publication options  The Journal of Apicultural Science has been published by the National Institute of Horticultural Research and Apicultural Research Association twice a year in paper and online versions since 2001. The Journal is a continuation of the former scientific periodical "Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe," issued from 1957 to 2000. Archive issues of Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe and issues of the Journal of Apicultural Science published since 2001 to 2011 are available at the original Journal's website (www.jas.org.pl). The paper version is available at www.jas.org.pl (subscriptions). After acceptance, articles are given DOI numbers, assigned to successive volumes and issues, and published online by Sciendo (sciendo.com/journal/JAS), which has used the open access model since 2012.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Journal of Apicultural Science

Volume 67 (2023): Issue 1 (June 2023)

Original Article

Assessment of Mercury Level in Local Polish and Imported Honeys with Use of Direct Mercury Analyzer

Health Status of Honeybee Colonies Differing in Genetic Intra-Colonial Diversity

Influence of Electromagnetic Field with Frequency of 50 Hz in form of Doses on Selected Biochemical Markers of Honey Bee

Comparative Study on Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis Collected from Different Regions of Bulgaria

Relationships between Flower Opening Time, Environmental Conditions, Corolla Opening Size and Nectar Production in Five Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars in China

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Deformed Wing, Acute Bee Paralysis and Black Queen Cell Viruses Infecting Honey Bees and Varroa Mites

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