From Hybrid to Hydrogen: Development and Optimization of Air Taxi Layout Schemes and Propulsion Systems for Urban Mobility Applications
31 mar 2025
O artykule
Data publikacji: 31 mar 2025
Zakres stron: 27 - 54
Otrzymano: 22 gru 2024
Przyjęty: 18 lut 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2025-0002
Słowa kluczowe
© 2025 Vasyl Loginov et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![The three primary eVTOL air taxi design configurations: (a) Vectored Thrust, (b) Lift+Cruise, (c) Wingless Multicopter [7].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0846e056a89eb8402ac1b42e22db0067f1f46df6c4803a3dc6d5fd95f66b6622&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Concepts of aircraft developed by NASA for UAM [10].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a8553c413e51164c5d66b31ac688697535ebaec6c3d5f896a51d8da680a6ec67&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
![Vahana project [12].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=cdda5a3cb0353b544b5406bcc2cea4c3eea9f51eca00a86bc77207e57e0866e1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![CityAirbus project [12].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8f21fa3d5ca628508bbd71cbdc4b10130551c81afb9b677f7945e982e7876fbe&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Model of the 6-passenger serial Lilium Jet [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=76f07fb8a00f2040dbb29bee54da6a1c235eb8db7f53d018b0cbb4e62ae771d5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6.
![The SiriusJet model with variable thrust vector [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c99e9106585fcf164c91040f0daf1c6a73092dc692e97c9b273d76c45837915c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.
![The SiriusJet propulsion system [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=bfd33f34eac0d85183ebe1364e2cf59b8cfd102897845ee62fbef391c62554aa&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![The Pantuo Pantala Concept H project [15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9c80ded870483b0d8b941583d1b5d57caa805f28279e7cfb142dc65f7c10acc2&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.
![The Bell Nexus 4EX and Bell Nexus 6HX air taxi projects [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9f345feb0e4394b8de48935ec20cf7ac44aa4a78dd06d934dafc45594e299498&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 10.
![The Kitty Hawk Cora project [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ff6d622d4d08bf6a925370d32da9755a2ae303f48b61cf83233c299ba0a9269a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 11.
![The VoloCity project [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c0e683738a0a8c7c768ac43667410c55cacc5848547b9c2224faa60494eaf44c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 12.
![The VoloConnect project [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ed03d8afe1ea1f63d7fb3e0c36f31d5f1034c3116ef5742ef79f6c4cda278035&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 13.
![The Rolls-Royce project [20].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9e5c57052e0a20549835880513e05d1488168c891f08313548e4950304abbc9c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 14.
![The Bartini project [23].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_014.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c9b2b91c9b0ff3afba1e7b1a5c178db76df5f734c7f5d7b651b0a418efc86bb3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 15.
![The Hepard project [24].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_015.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=87a1f8889d4cfc166ec4333488bd659c3e41ff469958d5835921f1704cc9867f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 16.
![The Vy 400 air taxi project [26].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8271fc85337ebef046ed1d62a8ae6119d8b651fd1b7febff8cdd8e0866bbc806&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 17.
![The Vy 400R air taxi project [26].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a601d0765346cdd00cb310c2474ac3a390223eb907e430be5fd681b11877565f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 18.
![The VA-X4 aircraft design [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=197357369ac34ecb0387aa08b8531fd1dfae699065cb5332d076a23e4f3a7b1e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 19.
![The EHang 216 airtaxi project [29].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_019.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7600702b649f74b051cdc74c0608a09f42dc0aaa2c729923920ba470a8c8c5c7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 20.
![The TENSOR 600X project [30].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_020.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5d955320769e7ab56301df24da3baa1e92bd7e09b70d4873181778e8f8130a87&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 21.
![The Volante Vision Concept [32].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_021.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=27d29e99e3503b9d48052297deaf56745d79f1e878c3372f9780d217fdcb1b7e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 22.
![The AMPERE project [33].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_022.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c955ae8346e3bac7ade37bcfe86fa03f32922396a2943f9a3f0404b2473ec59e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 23.
![Skai air taxi project [34].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_023.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5ab00cad61c903bafbf723d04e50095825765d1aebb5b2a5c777569a8dc19239&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 24.
![Alice airplane design [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_024.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2787fce6547f53960fb1b8b4168901db08a9551760d744ccfa9c141bc6eb8989&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 25.
![The Joby Aviation aircraft design [40].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_025.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e4218bdd58fb415e41addd856d754e1bb91e548b16b6208899acf9999bd48121&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 26.
![The E.SAT aircraft project [41].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_026.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4a5008b2361ee408e3b6a7d15ce830df5ea3f612a215fb1629be21714a4e0630&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 27.
![Cassio 2 (VoltAero) project [43].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_027.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c735197419e0b048ab9bd98ac097c4cb344d4411fb2f61a0620576fca2b0f2d7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 28.
![Celera 500L project [45].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_028.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e5b43a46c8a93403ba7c11bff5760c1d12ec36b0ad37485aba4ab4b82ca4b001&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 28.
![Celera 500L project [45].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_029.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234719Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d0b8f53815bfa856d1ed77bd2feaf0ba661d55fbc09890756b9f4335a64abc24&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 30.

Fig. 31.

Fig. 32.

Fig. 33.

Key air taxi design characteristics_
Characteristic | Vectored Thrust | Lift+Cruise | Wingless | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tilt rotor | Tilt wing | Fixed horizontal | Fixed vertical | Wingless | |
Example of air taxi | |||||
Speed, km/h | 288 | 230 | 180 | 282 | 100 |
Flying Range, km | 241 | 100 | 98.8 | 256 | 35 |
Seating Capacity | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Battery Density, kwh | 50 | 40 | 63 | 300 | 110 |
Cruise Altitude, ft. | 250 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 |
UAV application concepts_
Number of passengers | 50 nm trips per full charge/refuel | Market | Type | Propulsion |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 × 50 nm | Air Taxi | Multicopter | Battery |
2 | 2 × 50 nm | Commuter Scheduled | Side-by-side (no tilt) | Parallel Hybrid |
4 | 4 × 50 nm | Mass Transit | (Multi-)Tilt Wing | Turboelectric |
6 | 8 × 50 nm | Air Line | (Multi-)Tilt Rotor | Turboshaft |
15 | Lift + Cruise | Hydrogen fuel cell | ||
30 | Vectored Thrust Compound |