From Hybrid to Hydrogen: Development and Optimization of Air Taxi Layout Schemes and Propulsion Systems for Urban Mobility Applications
31. März 2025
Über diesen Artikel
Online veröffentlicht: 31. März 2025
Seitenbereich: 27 - 54
Eingereicht: 22. Dez. 2024
Akzeptiert: 18. Feb. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2025-0002
Schlüsselwörter
© 2025 Vasyl Loginov et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![The three primary eVTOL air taxi design configurations: (a) Vectored Thrust, (b) Lift+Cruise, (c) Wingless Multicopter [7].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4311b9030804c4c94cb620a7f6efcc18822e5c25b0672c53bf0e501c1c6ad577&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Concepts of aircraft developed by NASA for UAM [10].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7bd8066494924006154c4b8bfc0aab46c2eff4e783754017d83285ca30f268f3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
![Vahana project [12].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ff062f24e507965737471cf2ea66f2e2c2015f1c467d85ce714dc5ccf3587b96&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![CityAirbus project [12].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2fb8ace8912e38baa541199bcde79edd6a592d2bbaf2b2d1c03d4c01bf570460&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Model of the 6-passenger serial Lilium Jet [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b823b72e65762003e1f0f74fb728784b968fb8847662dcd52f8bc60f71dcbe57&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6.
![The SiriusJet model with variable thrust vector [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c1b355e2b1c2e0ad66caa70a67db6e33580a651d9ff4d1bfc47228085de139df&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.
![The SiriusJet propulsion system [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5a71856769e7af04dae8db36ee2c00a7b01e9967ef938be5bc9403b6dff84ddd&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![The Pantuo Pantala Concept H project [15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4a9712f8206ad8b2f882bf5010e49e472b08a329a49feb37c3191c7191a9041b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.
![The Bell Nexus 4EX and Bell Nexus 6HX air taxi projects [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=01e6352d3d3eaf2cbbb7288e7b1a75b98e73493e3a6580e992f8832cfc1c7c00&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 10.
![The Kitty Hawk Cora project [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=89eb3b98366b53c880af5f3374354a15515053f222d8672ae7f0f42cd6ad4de9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 11.
![The VoloCity project [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=227493ba204c31a9861f14ed913a2c89985ec80fe944736debe57cb9fd51d3f1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 12.
![The VoloConnect project [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a61fabae24c160a42c9e03c5bbf7291d4789ff67f05bac7ddf6221366a3c647b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 13.
![The Rolls-Royce project [20].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=366d0878e5d43e3d034f3093f02f72b93fb8fd3916e64d67f364696d0d000920&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 14.
![The Bartini project [23].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_014.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8fdab084c69ff5274910a13be438fd5f91e35c48b1070592e4648364c2516368&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 15.
![The Hepard project [24].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_015.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=41b0e555b51c1c22d9c09ae21a9be695612fc8fcc9bab7700c2769cb08399964&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 16.
![The Vy 400 air taxi project [26].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c7d2568179fcf9680bbbe8c285f00171af63f047d132ac4cee94e91b01d17e8e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 17.
![The Vy 400R air taxi project [26].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1d04e10ab79d3e5c646571aa9dcdf07409a4a343ba1818bb2a3f036c5f2ab61c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 18.
![The VA-X4 aircraft design [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ab7cf605c8207336731a03d014337707253decc89d4e0c2c395486b60c5e650e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 19.
![The EHang 216 airtaxi project [29].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_019.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=85d33fdab990b3c30f9b8299de493f220c3e1fb5923a1f43718e9c540bc869db&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 20.
![The TENSOR 600X project [30].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_020.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=378aa1f5f605eb4fbf5ac03dfdaa6846bcc0fcf1160347362d021478a0013a8c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 21.
![The Volante Vision Concept [32].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_021.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9b24e278c120c8458bf06bd069b07d3c152985d9abd7bba049b4dc896ac4e867&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 22.
![The AMPERE project [33].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_022.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=123884644363f8b13fc8eddee12d08abb84d3dc92492446cf8e78c4df309def7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 23.
![Skai air taxi project [34].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_023.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=cc56eeb71fb6ab91b700a227b561e0a7e4b357ae2047ea06d61ae58e1bd4eda4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 24.
![Alice airplane design [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_024.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0cb01c5215ecee0ffb57b733f0c6b4a42dbbc4e4a86d5f0b392dbfff82a991c0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 25.
![The Joby Aviation aircraft design [40].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_025.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1d7d5401abfd774e705315936563319720fa7c2b6357ca1285ae17d499860b20&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 26.
![The E.SAT aircraft project [41].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_026.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=36c9e896aefd5a87a295212269170e8416d64f19147f84a2d26d585616c747c4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 27.
![Cassio 2 (VoltAero) project [43].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_027.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7c4d145e0afd1eacb5aae612c9976f719b584349013f08b5e64ff3d7761de5e8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 28.
![Celera 500L project [45].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_028.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2fbf144f775934e9153cfa42c8c0eccf05d2e842295f26420034d5dab6ef66b3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 28.
![Celera 500L project [45].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_029.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250908%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250908T234722Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=fb5d2cc8f9be12ed557269a00635abb673aa206c5ebd3934c1cd1fbf1301f050&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 30.

Fig. 31.

Fig. 32.

Fig. 33.

Key air taxi design characteristics_
Characteristic | Vectored Thrust | Lift+Cruise | Wingless | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tilt rotor | Tilt wing | Fixed horizontal | Fixed vertical | Wingless | |
Example of air taxi | |||||
Speed, km/h | 288 | 230 | 180 | 282 | 100 |
Flying Range, km | 241 | 100 | 98.8 | 256 | 35 |
Seating Capacity | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Battery Density, kwh | 50 | 40 | 63 | 300 | 110 |
Cruise Altitude, ft. | 250 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 |
UAV application concepts_
Number of passengers | 50 nm trips per full charge/refuel | Market | Type | Propulsion |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 × 50 nm | Air Taxi | Multicopter | Battery |
2 | 2 × 50 nm | Commuter Scheduled | Side-by-side (no tilt) | Parallel Hybrid |
4 | 4 × 50 nm | Mass Transit | (Multi-)Tilt Wing | Turboelectric |
6 | 8 × 50 nm | Air Line | (Multi-)Tilt Rotor | Turboshaft |
15 | Lift + Cruise | Hydrogen fuel cell | ||
30 | Vectored Thrust Compound |