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From Hybrid to Hydrogen: Development and Optimization of Air Taxi Layout Schemes and Propulsion Systems for Urban Mobility Applications

Vasyl Loginov

Vasyl Loginov

Department of Programs and Projects FED JSCKharkiv, Ukraine
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Loginov, Vasyl
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Yevgen Ukrainets

Yevgen Ukrainets

Department of the Design and Strength of Aircraft and Engines, Ivan Kozhedub National University of the Air ForceKharkiv, Ukraine
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Ukrainets, Yevgen
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Sergiy Shevchenko

Sergiy Shevchenko

Department of the Design and Strength of Aircraft and Engines, Ivan Kozhedub National University of the Air ForceKharkiv, Ukraine
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Shevchenko, Sergiy
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Anton Loginov

Anton Loginov

National Aerospace University “KhAI”Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Loginov, Anton
  
31 mar 2025
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Publicado en línea: 31 mar 2025
Páginas: 27 - 54
Recibido: 22 dic 2024
Aceptado: 18 feb 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2025-0002
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© 2025 Vasyl Loginov et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

The three primary eVTOL air taxi design configurations: (a) Vectored Thrust, (b) Lift+Cruise, (c) Wingless Multicopter [7].
The three primary eVTOL air taxi design configurations: (a) Vectored Thrust, (b) Lift+Cruise, (c) Wingless Multicopter [7].

Fig. 2.

Concepts of aircraft developed by NASA for UAM [10].
Concepts of aircraft developed by NASA for UAM [10].

Fig. 3.

Vahana project [12].
Vahana project [12].

Fig. 4.

CityAirbus project [12].
CityAirbus project [12].

Fig. 5.

Model of the 6-passenger serial Lilium Jet [13].
Model of the 6-passenger serial Lilium Jet [13].

Fig. 6.

The SiriusJet model with variable thrust vector [14].
The SiriusJet model with variable thrust vector [14].

Fig. 7.

The SiriusJet propulsion system [14].
The SiriusJet propulsion system [14].

Fig. 8.

The Pantuo Pantala Concept H project [15].
The Pantuo Pantala Concept H project [15].

Fig. 9.

The Bell Nexus 4EX and Bell Nexus 6HX air taxi projects [16].
The Bell Nexus 4EX and Bell Nexus 6HX air taxi projects [16].

Fig. 10.

The Kitty Hawk Cora project [18].
The Kitty Hawk Cora project [18].

Fig. 11.

The VoloCity project [19].
The VoloCity project [19].

Fig. 12.

The VoloConnect project [19].
The VoloConnect project [19].

Fig. 13.

The Rolls-Royce project [20].
The Rolls-Royce project [20].

Fig. 14.

The Bartini project [23].
The Bartini project [23].

Fig. 15.

The Hepard project [24].
The Hepard project [24].

Fig. 16.

The Vy 400 air taxi project [26].
The Vy 400 air taxi project [26].

Fig. 17.

The Vy 400R air taxi project [26].
The Vy 400R air taxi project [26].

Fig. 18.

The VA-X4 aircraft design [28].
The VA-X4 aircraft design [28].

Fig. 19.

The EHang 216 airtaxi project [29].
The EHang 216 airtaxi project [29].

Fig. 20.

The TENSOR 600X project [30].
The TENSOR 600X project [30].

Fig. 21.

The Volante Vision Concept [32].
The Volante Vision Concept [32].

Fig. 22.

The AMPERE project [33].
The AMPERE project [33].

Fig. 23.

Skai air taxi project [34].
Skai air taxi project [34].

Fig. 24.

Alice airplane design [39].
Alice airplane design [39].

Fig. 25.

The Joby Aviation aircraft design [40].
The Joby Aviation aircraft design [40].

Fig. 26.

The E.SAT aircraft project [41].
The E.SAT aircraft project [41].

Fig. 27.

Cassio 2 (VoltAero) project [43].
Cassio 2 (VoltAero) project [43].

Fig. 28.

Celera 500L project [45].
Celera 500L project [45].

Fig. 28.

Celera 500L project [45].
Celera 500L project [45].

Fig. 30.

Scheme of the airplane for transport (option 1).
Scheme of the airplane for transport (option 1).

Fig. 31.

Scheme of the airplane for transport option 1: the aircraft in transition position from vertical take-off to horizontal cruising flight (a) and process of changing from vertical flight to horizontal flight (b).
Scheme of the airplane for transport option 1: the aircraft in transition position from vertical take-off to horizontal cruising flight (a) and process of changing from vertical flight to horizontal flight (b).

Fig. 32.

Scheme of the airplane for transport (option 2).
Scheme of the airplane for transport (option 2).

Fig. 33.

Hydrogen-electric power plant scheme.
Hydrogen-electric power plant scheme.

Key air taxi design characteristics_

Characteristic Vectored Thrust Lift+Cruise Wingless
Tilt rotor Tilt wing Fixed horizontal Fixed vertical Wingless
Example of air taxi Bell Nexus Air bus Vahana Kitty Hawk Cora Cartercopter EHang 216
Speed, km/h 288 230 180 282 100
Flying Range, km 241 100 98.8 256 35
Seating Capacity 4 2 2 4 2
Battery Density, kwh 50 40 63 300 110
Cruise Altitude, ft. 250 1,000 3,000 10,000 10,000

UAV application concepts_

Number of passengers 50 nm trips per full charge/refuel Market Type Propulsion
1 1 × 50 nm Air Taxi Multicopter Battery
2 2 × 50 nm Commuter Scheduled Side-by-side (no tilt) Parallel Hybrid
4 4 × 50 nm Mass Transit (Multi-)Tilt Wing Turboelectric
6 8 × 50 nm Air Line (Multi-)Tilt Rotor Turboshaft
15 Lift + Cruise Hydrogen fuel cell
30 Vectored Thrust Compound
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