From Hybrid to Hydrogen: Development and Optimization of Air Taxi Layout Schemes and Propulsion Systems for Urban Mobility Applications
31 mars 2025
À propos de cet article
Publié en ligne: 31 mars 2025
Pages: 27 - 54
Reçu: 22 déc. 2024
Accepté: 18 févr. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2025-0002
Mots clés
© 2025 Vasyl Loginov et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![The three primary eVTOL air taxi design configurations: (a) Vectored Thrust, (b) Lift+Cruise, (c) Wingless Multicopter [7].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e5948c41b6cea65804cece86e7b7e2beae5511ba8da2a05d41b8dbaef9100125&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Concepts of aircraft developed by NASA for UAM [10].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=03e02757ba14f92c720444d6d4962243e357da0491b486bcd95ac91dfff46ab5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
![Vahana project [12].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6b2380d29a5d7524bec0cec4697c46ae9d6fbfb89fe6f368d95d3ce44ec42e9e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![CityAirbus project [12].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2db44579c1dd54b5d23d2006c911cab8ca4d6ccffebef6752082d84a0f9f9241&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Model of the 6-passenger serial Lilium Jet [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0076395cb369fb91110d96ff56d470d2a483ed11941d9942dc894086bc5f6803&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6.
![The SiriusJet model with variable thrust vector [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=db03bc918a6b337facaf3b10fdce69386d4001ea96b2e19ca8f051ae77f02895&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.
![The SiriusJet propulsion system [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5983e1fdf691235864be9697e401d7c0e3a4355a0da15b29c7089b11da3c057d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![The Pantuo Pantala Concept H project [15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c5aef143d05c0b1a90f05462d0f78e011dc93c22f915615ae6a7a9c40d3f406a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.
![The Bell Nexus 4EX and Bell Nexus 6HX air taxi projects [16].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e01d3e50394294a442f158119f172b3dfeea885eed623de6c309270596f42749&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 10.
![The Kitty Hawk Cora project [18].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5bc7f4e4645684d637edac9958e56eb49bc661b08665060aae657acd11cfd53d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 11.
![The VoloCity project [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=133bb9ff3feb0a862847aed23da1d8f2b330b80f589697db33f3798a10b566f2&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 12.
![The VoloConnect project [19].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_012.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8a67a172300ceb36f6c9cebcbb9c68e5469f8ee31135d870a66eefe00270a92e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 13.
![The Rolls-Royce project [20].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_013.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=3b6b30cc685048c5e280c336fb1dd73bb7bd965dc5b6fa899b1ca2ae5dddb545&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 14.
![The Bartini project [23].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_014.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=f172b937d9667041b89f55025da2af25fadbd6fbe3ca2b125379f33221fe392b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 15.
![The Hepard project [24].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_015.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d98d190a91dcda0c08f35c858edfb2da9869ce7b25e70383017fffd63d37238d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 16.
![The Vy 400 air taxi project [26].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7ed935579ae96d32d6512e6fbf176fc6aef065948cfbdf6ec03c94e8dba1c97b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 17.
![The Vy 400R air taxi project [26].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=55f110a9752dc0a3de6466b34caabff78c4dc2fa6000cb40d4060867ef6ceb53&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 18.
![The VA-X4 aircraft design [28].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1ff3d1ad68a9e587e245337912646e59b0cb59a3db7dd937dfbd5d0c485bb707&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 19.
![The EHang 216 airtaxi project [29].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_019.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=631d186c170d0194488dca5d5921a97feb7b596d6c6cbfd05ebe5a74c659b770&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 20.
![The TENSOR 600X project [30].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_020.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=209d16a6fe745c8919ec475960815dd871551a788a56fd166cc204f644cd30a9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 21.
![The Volante Vision Concept [32].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_021.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=627cf733251e65dd5bd8706d27f980698d69fca63a714b310ab0622573b58537&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 22.
![The AMPERE project [33].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_022.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7f57be076ccc94cb68470b1409ec4ef7efc5ea9170f49dc20ae50b400145fbf1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 23.
![Skai air taxi project [34].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_023.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=353d7eab02c69d57589bf7a613f84bdc02aa51fd68f909b22ae1dede960c4909&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 24.
![Alice airplane design [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_024.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7cf6f6f6691e7ecdfb70c4fb1ff8a361fc567cee5bf92a37b779b6b9c9213dcb&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 25.
![The Joby Aviation aircraft design [40].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_025.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=3fff10cc02a63cca09cbc747544c00653ec5b1b2efc764ec50bdd85d4454fd74&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 26.
![The E.SAT aircraft project [41].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_026.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5bf4de9957b2b97ad240882fe7e71caa873f365df05ac28d32432e1b17abff9a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 27.
![Cassio 2 (VoltAero) project [43].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_027.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=46b53d84be6a994e58c25c08b0147df739302c938180ba1cefdcafae491cb49e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 28.
![Celera 500L project [45].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_028.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a16fe9ed2f4144e047506bf4a86e34b1b890aa3cb232c771130424dbeaceeabc&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 28.
![Celera 500L project [45].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/67f6ed7c8d1bec042eaca24e/j_tar-2025-0002_fig_029.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250909%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250909T070822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6387ee26a49621384f9711e8ff2c09ec123dd471eb9e6ed87747afe670136c7f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 30.

Fig. 31.

Fig. 32.

Fig. 33.

Key air taxi design characteristics_
Characteristic | Vectored Thrust | Lift+Cruise | Wingless | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tilt rotor | Tilt wing | Fixed horizontal | Fixed vertical | Wingless | |
Example of air taxi | |||||
Speed, km/h | 288 | 230 | 180 | 282 | 100 |
Flying Range, km | 241 | 100 | 98.8 | 256 | 35 |
Seating Capacity | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Battery Density, kwh | 50 | 40 | 63 | 300 | 110 |
Cruise Altitude, ft. | 250 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 |
UAV application concepts_
Number of passengers | 50 nm trips per full charge/refuel | Market | Type | Propulsion |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 × 50 nm | Air Taxi | Multicopter | Battery |
2 | 2 × 50 nm | Commuter Scheduled | Side-by-side (no tilt) | Parallel Hybrid |
4 | 4 × 50 nm | Mass Transit | (Multi-)Tilt Wing | Turboelectric |
6 | 8 × 50 nm | Air Line | (Multi-)Tilt Rotor | Turboshaft |
15 | Lift + Cruise | Hydrogen fuel cell | ||
30 | Vectored Thrust Compound |