Queuing to leave: A new approach to immigration

Arcand, J. L.; P. Guillaumont; S. G. Jeanneney (2008): Deforestation and the real exchange rate. Journal of development economics 86(2), 242–262. ArcandJ. L. GuillaumontP. JeanneneyS. G. 2008 Deforestation and the real exchange rate Journal of development economics 86 2 242 262 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.02.004 Search in Google Scholar

Auriol, E.; A. Mesnard (2016): Sale of visas: A smuggler's final song? Economica 83(332), 646–678. AuriolE. MesnardA. 2016 Sale of visas: A smuggler's final song? Economica 83 332 646 678 10.1111/ecca.12204 Search in Google Scholar

Bellows, J.; Miguel, E. (2006): War and institutions: New evidence from Sierra Leone. American Economic Review 96(2), 394–399. BellowsJ. MiguelE. 2006 War and institutions: New evidence from Sierra Leone American Economic Review 96 2 394 399 10.1257/000282806777212323 Search in Google Scholar

Bellows, J.; Miguel, E. (2009): War and local collective action in Sierra Leone. Journal of public Economics 93(11–12), 1144–1157. BellowsJ. MiguelE. 2009 War and local collective action in Sierra Leone Journal of public Economics 93 11–12 1144 1157 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.07.012 Search in Google Scholar

Benhabib, B.; B. Jovanovic (2012): Optimal migration: A world perspective. International Economic Review 53(2), 321–348. BenhabibB. JovanovicB. 2012 Optimal migration: A world perspective International Economic Review 53 2 321 348 10.3386/w12871 Search in Google Scholar

Blundell, R.; S. Bond (2000): GMM estimation with persistent panel data: An application to production functions. Econometric Reviews 19(3), 321–340. BlundellR. BondS. 2000 GMM estimation with persistent panel data: An application to production functions Econometric Reviews 19 3 321 340 10.1920/wp.ifs.1999.9904 Search in Google Scholar

Bohra-Mishra, P.; D. S. Massey (2011): Individual decisions to migrate during civil conflict. Demography 48(2), 401–424. Bohra-MishraP. MasseyD. S. 2011 Individual decisions to migrate during civil conflict Demography 48 2 401 424 10.1007/s13524-011-0016-5 Search in Google Scholar

Borjas, G. J. (2003): The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(4), 1335–1374. BorjasG. J. 2003 The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 4 1335 1374 10.3386/w9755 Search in Google Scholar

Card, D. (1990): The impact of the Mariel boatlift on the Miami labor market. Industrial & Labor Relations Review 43(2), 245–257. CardD. 1990 The impact of the Mariel boatlift on the Miami labor market Industrial & Labor Relations Review 43 2 245 257 10.3386/w3069 Search in Google Scholar

Card, D. (2009): Immigration and inequality. Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research. American Economic Review 99(2), 1–21. CardD. 2009 Immigration and inequality Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research. American Economic Review 99 2 1 21 10.3386/w14683 Search in Google Scholar

Chassamboulli, A.; G. Peri (2015): The labor market effects of reducing the number of illegal immigrants. Review of Economic Dynamics 18(4), 792–821. ChassamboulliA. PeriG. 2015 The labor market effects of reducing the number of illegal immigrants Review of Economic Dynamics 18 4 792 821 10.3386/w19932 Search in Google Scholar

Connor, P. (2017): Still in limbo: About a million asylum seekers await word on whether they can call Europe home. Pew Research Center, September, 20. ConnorP. 2017 Still in limbo: About a million asylum seekers await word on whether they can call Europe home Pew Research Center September 20 Search in Google Scholar

Davenport, C.; W. Moore; S. Poe (2003): Sometimes you just have to leave: Domestic threats and forced migration, 1964–1989. International Interactions 29(1), 27–55. DavenportC. MooreW. PoeS. 2003 Sometimes you just have to leave: Domestic threats and forced migration, 1964–1989 International Interactions 29 1 27 55 10.1080/03050620304597 Search in Google Scholar

Davis, D. R.; D. E. Weinstein (2002): Bones, bombs, and break points: The geography of economic activity. The American Economic Review 92(5), 1269–1289. DavisD. R. WeinsteinD. E. 2002 Bones, bombs, and break points: The geography of economic activity The American Economic Review 92 5 1269 1289 10.3386/w8517 Search in Google Scholar

Davis, D. R.; D. E. Weinstein (2008): A search for multiple equilibria in urban industrial structure. Journal of Regional Science 48(1), 29–65. DavisD. R. WeinsteinD. E. 2008 A search for multiple equilibria in urban industrial structure Journal of Regional Science 48 1 29 65 10.3386/w10252 Search in Google Scholar

Djajić, S. (2014): Asylum seeking and irregular migration. International Review of Law and Economics 39, 83–95. DjajićS. 2014 Asylum seeking and irregular migrati International Review of Law and Economics 39 83 95 10.1016/j.irle.2014.06.002 Search in Google Scholar

Djajić, S. (2017): Transit migration. Review of International Economics 25(5), 1017–1045. DjajićS. 2017 Transit migration Review of International Economics 25 5 1017 1045 10.1111/roie.12294 Search in Google Scholar

Djajić, S.; A. Vinogradova (2017): Immigration policies and the choice between documented and undocumented migration. Economica. DjajićS. VinogradovaA. 2017 Immigration policies and the choice between documented and undocumented migration Economica 10.1111/ecca.12255 Search in Google Scholar

Djajić, S.; M. S. Michael (2014): Controlling illegal immigration: On the scope for cooperation with a transit country. Review of International Economics 22(4), 808–824. DjajićS. MichaelM. S. 2014 Controlling illegal immigration: On the scope for cooperation with a transit country Review of International Economics 22 4 808 824 10.1111/roie.12137 Search in Google Scholar

Docquier, F.; B. L. Lowell; A. Marfouk (2009): A gendered assessment of highly skilled emigration. Population and Development Review 35(2), 297–321. DocquierF. LowellB. L. MarfoukA. 2009 A gendered assessment of highly skilled emigration Population and Development Review 35 2 297 321 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00277.x Search in Google Scholar

Docquier, F.; O. Lohest; A. Marfouk (2007): Brain drain in developing countries. The World Bank Economic Review 21(2), 193–218. DocquierF. LohestO. MarfoukA. 2007 Brain drain in developing countries The World Bank Economic Review 21 2 193 218 10.1093/wber/lhm008 Search in Google Scholar

Dustmann, C.; F. Fasani; T. Frattini; L. Minale; U. Schönberg (2017): On the economics and politics of refugee migration. Economic Policy 32(91), 497–550. DustmannC. FasaniF. FrattiniT. MinaleL. SchönbergU. 2017 On the economics and politics of refugee migration Economic Policy 32 91 497 550 10.1093/epolic/eix008 Search in Google Scholar

Dustmann, C.; U. Schönberg; J. Stuhler (2016): The impact of immigration: Why do studies reach such different results? The Journal of Economic Perspectives 30(4), 31–56. DustmannC. SchönbergU. StuhlerJ. 2016 The impact of immigration: Why do studies reach such different results? The Journal of Economic Perspectives 30 4 31 56 10.1257/jep.30.4.31 Search in Google Scholar

EPRS (2017): Resettlement of refugees: EU framework. Technical report, April 2017. Author: Anja Radjenovic. EPRS 2017 Resettlement of refugees: EU framework Technical report, April 2017. Author: Anja Radjenovic Search in Google Scholar

Erlang, A. K. (1909): The theory of probabilities and telephone conversations. Nyt Tidsskrift for Matematik B 20(33–39), 16. ErlangA. K. 1909 The theory of probabilities and telephone conversations Nyt Tidsskrift for Matematik B 20 33–39 16 Search in Google Scholar

Ethier, W. J. (1986): Illegal immigration: The host-country problem. The American Economic Review 76(1), 56–71. EthierW. J. 1986 Illegal immigration: The host-country problem The American Economic Review 76 1 56 71 10.1142/9789814590327_0007 Search in Google Scholar

Filliger, R.; M. O. Hongler (2005): Syphon dynamics: soluble model of multi-agents cooperative behavior. EPL (Europhysics Letters) 70(3), 285. FilligerR. HonglerM. O. 2005 Syphon dynamics: soluble model of multi-agents cooperative behavior EPL (Europhysics Letters) 70 3 285 10.1209/epl/i2004-10492-x Search in Google Scholar

Friebel, G.; S. Guriev (2006): Smuggling humans: A theory of debt-financed migration. Journal of the European Economic Association 4(6), 1085–1111. FriebelG. GurievS. 2006 Smuggling humans: A theory of debt-financed migration Journal of the European Economic Association 4 6 1085 1111 10.1162/JEEA.2006.4.6.1085 Search in Google Scholar

Friedberg, R. M.; J. Hunt (1995): The impact of immigrants on host country wages, employment and growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 9(2), 23–44. FriedbergR. M. HuntJ. 1995 The impact of immigrants on host country wages, employment and growth The Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 2 23 44 10.4324/9781315054193-4 Search in Google Scholar

Gennep, A. V. (1960): The rites of passage. 1909. Trans. M. B. Vizedom and G. L. Caffee. Chicago: University of Chicago. GennepA. V. 1960 The rites of passage. 1909 Trans. VizedomM. B. CaffeeG. L. Chicago University of Chicago Search in Google Scholar

Grogger, J.; G. H. Hanson (2011): Income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants. Journal of Development Economics 95(1), 42–57. GroggerJ. HansonG. H. 2011 Income maximization and the selection and sorting of international migrants Journal of Development Economics 95 1 42 57 10.3386/w13821 Search in Google Scholar

Hainmueller, J.; D. Hangartner; D. Lawrence (2016): When lives are put on hold: Lengthy asylum processes decrease employment among refugees. Science Advances 2(8), e1600432. HainmuellerJ. HangartnerD. LawrenceD. 2016 When lives are put on hold: Lengthy asylum processes decrease employment among refugees Science Advances 2 8 e1600432 10.1126/sciadv.1600432 Search in Google Scholar

Harris, J. R.; M. P. Todaro (1970): Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. The American Economic Review 60(1), 126–142. HarrisJ. R. TodaroM. P. 1970 Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis The American Economic Review 60 1 126 142 Search in Google Scholar

Humphreys, M. (2003): Economics and violent conflict. Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University. HumphreysM. 2003 Economics and violent conflict Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Harvard University Search in Google Scholar

Jasso, G.; V. Wadhwa; G. Gereffi; B. Rissing; R. Freeman (2010): How many highly skilled foreign-born are waiting in line for us legal permanent residence? 1. International Migration Review 44(2), 477–498. JassoG. WadhwaV. GereffiG. RissingB. FreemanR. 2010 How many highly skilled foreign-born are waiting in line for us legal permanent residence? 1 International Migration Review 44 2 477 498 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00812.x Search in Google Scholar

Katz, E.; O. Stark (1986): Labor migration and risk aversion in less developed countries. Journal of Labor Economics 4(1), 134–149. KatzE. StarkO. 1986 Labor migration and risk aversion in less developed countries Journal of Labor Economics 4 1 134 149 10.1086/298097 Search in Google Scholar

Lewer, J. J.; H. Van den Berg (2008): A gravity model of immigration. Economics Letters 99(1), 164–167. LewerJ. J. Van den BergH. 2008 A gravity model of immigration Economics Letters 99 1 164 167 10.1016/j.econlet.2007.06.019 Search in Google Scholar

Lui, F. T. (1985): An equilibrium queuing model of bribery. The Journal of Political Economy 93(4), 760–781. LuiF. T. 1985 An equilibrium queuing model of bribery The Journal of Political Economy 93 4 760 781 10.1086/261329 Search in Google Scholar

Martin, P.; E. Midgley (2015): Immigration to the United States. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism 1–10. MartinP. MidgleyE. 2015 Immigration to the United States The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism 1 10 10.1002/9781118663202.wberen324 Search in Google Scholar

Massey, D. S. (1988): Economic development and international migration in comparative perspective. The Population and Development Review 383–413. MasseyD. S. 1988 Economic development and international migration in comparative perspective The Population and Development Review 383 413 10.2307/1972195 Search in Google Scholar

Massey, D. S.; J. Arango; G. Hugo; A. Kouaouci; A. Pellegrino; J. E. Taylor (1993): Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review 431–466. MasseyD. S. ArangoJ. HugoG. KouaouciA. PellegrinoA. TaylorJ. E. 1993 Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal Population and Development Review 431 466 10.2307/2938462 Search in Google Scholar

Medhi, J. (2002): Stochastic models in queueing theory. Academic Press. MedhiJ. 2002 Stochastic models in queueing theory Academic Press Search in Google Scholar

Meyers, E. (2000): Theories of international immigration policy—A comparative analysis. International Migration Review 34(4), 1245–1282. MeyersE. 2000 Theories of international immigration policy—A comparative analysis International Migration Review 34 4 1245 1282 Search in Google Scholar

Munshi, K. (2003): Networks in the modern economy: Mexican migrants in the US labor market. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(2), 549–599. MunshiK. 2003 Networks in the modern economy: Mexican migrants in the US labor market The Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 2 549 599 10.1162/003355303321675455 Search in Google Scholar

Naor, P. (1969): The regulation of queue size by levying tolls. Econometrica 15–24. NaorP. 1969 The regulation of queue size by levying tolls Econometrica 15 24 10.2307/1909200 Search in Google Scholar

Neumayer, E. (2005): Bogus refugees? the determinants of asylum migration to western Europe. International Studies Quarterly 49(3), 389–410. NeumayerE. 2005 Bogus refugees? the determinants of asylum migration to western Europe International Studies Quarterly 49 3 389 410 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00370.x Search in Google Scholar

Obinna, D. N. (2020): Wait-times, visa queues and uncertainty: The barriers to American legal migration. Migration and Development 9(3), 390–410. ObinnaD. N. 2020 Wait-times, visa queues and uncertainty: The barriers to American legal migration Migration and Development 9 3 390 410 10.1080/21632324.2020.1797456 Search in Google Scholar

Ottaviano, G. I.; G. Peri (2012): Rethinking the effect of immigration on wages. Journal of the European Economic Association 10(1), 152–197. OttavianoG. I. PeriG. 2012 Rethinking the effect of immigration on wages Journal of the European Economic Association 10 1 152 197 10.3386/w12497 Search in Google Scholar

Piore, M. J. (1980): Birds of passage. Cambridge Books. PioreM. J. 1980 Birds of passage Cambridge Books 10.1017/CBO9780511572210 Search in Google Scholar

Rodrik, D. (1999): Where did all the growth go? external shocks, social conflict, and growth collapses. Journal of Economic Growth 4(4), 385–412. RodrikD. 1999 Where did all the growth go? external shocks, social conflict, and growth collapses Journal of Economic Growth 4 4 385 412 10.3386/w6350 Search in Google Scholar

Roodman, D. (2009): How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. The Stata Journal 9(1), 86–136. RoodmanD. 2009 How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata The Stata Journal 9 1 86 136 10.1177/1536867X0900900106 Search in Google Scholar

Sattinger, M. (2002): A queuing model of the market for access to trading partners. International Economic Review 533–547. SattingerM. 2002 A queuing model of the market for access to trading partners International Economic Review 533 547 Search in Google Scholar

Sattinger, M. (2010): Queueing and searching. Available at SSRN 1590998. SattingerM. 2010 Queueing and searching Available at SSRN 1590998. 10.2139/ssrn.1590998 Search in Google Scholar

Stark, O. (1984): Rural-to-urban migration in LDCs: A relative deprivation approach. Economic Development and Cultural Change 32(3), 475–486. StarkO. 1984 Rural-to-urban migration in LDCs: A relative deprivation approach Economic Development and Cultural Change 32 3 475 486 10.1086/451401 Search in Google Scholar

Stark, O.; D. Levhari (1982): On migration and risk in LDCs. Economic Development and Cultural Change 31(1), 191–196. StarkO. LevhariD. 1982 On migration and risk in LDCs Economic Development and Cultural Change 31 1 191 196 10.1086/451312 Search in Google Scholar

Stevens, M. (2007): New microfoundations for the aggregate matching function. International Economic Review 48(3), 847–868. StevensM. 2007 New microfoundations for the aggregate matching function International Economic Review 48 3 847 868 10.1111/j.1468-2354.2007.00447.x Search in Google Scholar

Tamura, Y. (2010): Migrant smuggling. Journal of Public Economics 94(7), 540–548. TamuraY. 2010 Migrant smuggling Journal of Public Economics 94 7 540 548 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.03.005 Search in Google Scholar

Themnér, L.; P. Wallensteen (2014): Armed conflicts, 1946–2013. Journal of Peace Research 51(4), 541–554. ThemnérL. WallensteenP. 2014 Armed conflicts, 1946–2013 Journal of Peace Research 51 4 541 554 10.1177/0022343314542076 Search in Google Scholar

Todaro, M. P. (1969): A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American Economic Review 59(1), 138–148. TodaroM. P. 1969 A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries The American Economic Review 59 1 138 148 Search in Google Scholar

Turner, V. (1987): Betwixt and between: The liminal period in rites of passage. Betwixt and Between: Patterns of Masculine and Feminine Initiation 3–19. TurnerV. 1987 Betwixt and between: The liminal period in rites of passage Betwixt and Between: Patterns of Masculine and Feminine Initiation 3 19 Search in Google Scholar

UNDESA (2013): International migration 2013: Migrants by origin and destination. Technical report, September 2013. UNDESA 2013 International migration 2013: Migrants by origin and destination Technical report, September 2013. Search in Google Scholar

Voors, M. J.; E. E. Nillesen; P. Verwimp; E. H. Bulte; R. Lensink; D. P. Van Soest (2012): Violent conflict and behavior: A field experiment in Burundi. The American Economic Review 102(2), 941–964. VoorsM. J. NillesenE. E. VerwimpP. BulteE. H. LensinkR. Van SoestD. P. 2012 Violent conflict and behavior: A field experiment in Burundi The American Economic Review 102 2 941 964 10.1257/aer.102.2.941 Search in Google Scholar

Windmeijer, F. (2005): A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimators. Journal of Econometrics 126(1), 25–51. WindmeijerF. 2005 A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimators Journal of Econometrics 126 1 25 51 10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.02.005 Search in Google Scholar

Yue, D.; W. Yue; J. Yu; R. Tian (2009): A heterogeneous two-server QS with balking and server breakdowns. In Eight International Symposium on Operations Research and its Applications (ISORA'09). Zhangjiajie, Chaina. YueD. YueW. YuJ. TianR. 2009 A heterogeneous two-server QS with balking and server breakdowns In Eight International Symposium on Operations Research and its Applications (ISORA'09) Zhangjiajie, Chaina Search in Google Scholar