<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Bilayer and multi-layer tablets are enjoying growing popularity among original drug and generic product manufacturers. Multi-layer tablets have many key benefits compared to classic immediate-release tablets. The use of such solid oral dosage forms simplifies dosing regimens in combination therapy, and thus improves patient compliance. However, the technology of multilayer tablets is demanding and requires precise choice of excipients and production parameters with regard to each technological step. The main benefits of multi-layer tablets, certain aspects of their production and the challenges encountered during the compression process are reviewed in this paper.
</abstract>

Challenges in technology of bilayer and multi-layer tablets: a mini-review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Drug delivery to the proper site of action in the body is greatly influenced by the excipients used and some processing variables such as changes in compression force. The aim of this investigation was to study the influence of changes in compression forces during tablet manufacturing on the mechanical and release properties of Tramadol matrix tablet. Hardness and friability were used as assessment parameters for mechanical properties while release properties were analysed using dissolution test. Data were analysed using One-way ANOVA at p &lt; 0.05. Tablet hardness and friability were typically compression pressure-dependent with a significant difference in tablet hardness and friability with increase in compression pressure (p &lt; 0.001). Drug release was best expressed by Korsmeyer-Peppas equation as the plots showed high linearity (r2) of 0.998 and 0.988 for formulations containing Xanthan gum and Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, respectively. Drug release from formulations containing Xanthan gum was mainly by diffusion while a combination of diffusion and chain relaxation was the mechanism of drug release from formulation containing Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose. The release properties of tramadol matrix tablet were not significantly influenced by compression pressure but rather by the polymer and the material properties of the drug.</abstract>

Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria

Department of Pharmaceutics And Industrial Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Effect of compression pressure on mechanical and release properties of tramadol matrix tablets

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Any chosen analytical method should be subtle, precise, fast and exact to begin the guarantee that the material used in the manufacturing is free of unsolicited impurity, the existence of which may vary the safety and effectiveness of the drug product. The techniques of HPLC and UPLC have established their part in pharmaceutical cleaning validation. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the main pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis approach utilized today because it generates highly efficient separations, and in most circumstances, it provides high detection sensitivity. Applying the HPLC method has several advantages compared to other methods, among others, specificity, rapidity, accuracy, precision, and the ease of automation. Due to the aforementioned, most drugs in a multi-component dosage form can be analyzed. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) is a modern-day technique that gives a new track for liquid chromatography. UPLC provides the user with speed of application, resolution and sensitivity. The quantification and separation in UPLC are done under very high pressure (up to 100M Pa). High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) has improved and innovative separation efficacy and detection limits. It is a cultured and automated form of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and is based on the use of an optimized silica gel 60 with a significantly smaller particle size than which is used for TLC. The previously stated analytical methods are employed for purity control of chemicals, steroids, pesticides, and water analysis, water-soluble food dyes, vitamins, pesticides in vegetables, fruits, and other foodstuffs. The current updates in the techniques allow us to understand the increased utilization of these methods in the current eras.
</abstract>

A comparative review on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) &amp; High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) with current updates

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Acetaminophen and caffeine, popular therapeutic substances used to relieve pain or alleviate the symptoms of cold. The aims of the study were the comparison of granules, in terms of dissolution rate and moreover the development of spectrophotometric method to the simultaneous determination of both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in granules. The granules were tested by two pharmacopoeial methods of dissolution for solid dosage forms, and the dissolution profiles for each formulation were compared. A method of simultaneous determination of two medicinal substances by the double calibration method using derivative spectrophotometry was used. Considering the dissolution process carried out in the paddle apparatus, it was shown that more than 80% of acetaminophen and caffeine were released from each of the preparations in a clearly shorter time than 10 minutes. Carrying out the basket test, substances dissolved gradually, much slower than in the paddle method. The time required to release 80% of both active substances from majority of tested preparations was from 30 to 45 minutes. Application of the first derivative spectrophotometric method allows simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and caffeine in the mixture, without the need to separate them first.
</abstract>

Comparative dissolution studies on granules with acetaminophen and caffeine using the basket and paddle methods with simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of active substances

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Poor water solubility of newly discovered compounds has become the most common challenge in the drug development process. Indeed, poor solubility is considered as the root cause of failure of drug during drug development phases. Moreover, it has also been reported to be the main reason for bioavailability issues such as poor, inconsistent, incomplete and highly variable bioavailability of the marketed products. As per an estimate, approximately 90% of drug molecules suffer with poor water solubility at early stage and approximately 40% of the marketed drugs have bioavailability problems mainly due to poor water solubility. Solubility enhancement of the newly discovered compounds is primary research area for the pharmaceutical industries and research institutions. The conventional techniques to improve aqueous solubility of drugs employ salt formation, prodrug formation, co-crystallization, complexation, amorphous solid dispersion and use of co-solvent, surfactants or hydrotropic agents. Current advancement in the science and technology has enabled the use of relatively new techniques under the umbrella of nanotechnology. These include the development of nanocrystals, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, liposomes and nanoparticles to enhance the solubility. This review focuses on the conventional and current approaches of multifold enhancement in the solubility of poorly soluble marketed drugs, including newly discovered compounds.
</abstract>

An overview of techniques for multifold enhancement in solubility of poorly soluble drugs

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Gold is a noble metal with very good chemical resistance. It also does not become oxidized in water or air. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and shine, and it is a heavy, but soft metal with huge plasticity and ductility. For many years, gold and its alloys have been recognized as being great prosthetic material in dental practice. In current dentistry, the progress in materials science and galvanoforming techniques have made it possible to create precise restorations utilizing this metal. This pertains both to fixed and removable dentures. Galvanized gold has a range of advantages, among these being biocompatibility, proper marginal tightness, endurance, its esthetic design and the fact that it boasts bacteriostatic features.</abstract>

Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, Poland

Chair and Department of Paedodontics, Medical University of Lublin, Karmelicka 7, 20-081 Lublin, Poland

The use of gold and gold alloys in prosthetic dentistry – a literature review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The safety and efficacy of multivitamin-multimineral-multiherbal (MVMH) supplementation is in regular debate but should be studied in detail before recommendation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether MVMH supplementation affects the physical and mental performance of individuals taking these, as well as to ascertain its safety, doing so through blood, kidney and liver profiles.
In this Cross over cohort study, we enrolled 30 healthy volunteers and established their anthropometric, stress, anxiety and depression levels before and after 30 days of the study. Their kidney function test, liver function test and blood profile results were also analysed to determine overall health effects of the supplement and assess its safety. Parametric data was examined via Paired T test, followed by One Way ANOVA, Non-parametric data is presented as percentage and analysed by applying Paired Sample Wilcoxon Signal Rank Test followed by Friedman ANOVA test.
All the volunteers were in good health, had no change in medical state. No serious adverse event was reported during the study and after the completion of study. Treatment with MVMH tablets had shown very significant (p &lt;0.01) increase in the level of globulin, uric acid (p &lt;0.05), hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels (p &lt;0.05), BMI and body weight (p &lt;0.05). There was significant (p &lt;0.05) improvement in symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress.
The daily intake of MVMH supplements in the form of a tablet once per day improved global health of individuals, along with improvement in mental performance without any significant adverse impact on the body. Based on the results, we recommend that MVMH tablets may be taken once per day for 30 days to improve the physical and mental health of individuals.
</abstract>

Impact of dietary and herbal supplements on global health of adult volunteers

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The Pharmaceutical Law Act of September 6, 2001 (PLA) initially granted pharmacists the authority to issue pharmaceutical prescriptions upon its enactment. However, the legislation regulating this matter changed significantly in 2015. Article 96, section 4 of the PLA defined that, in the front of a direct health threat to a patient, a pharmacist could dispense a medication classified under the availability categories Rp or Rpz. In April 2020, the imprecise term “sudden” in relation to health threats was clarified and removed. Concurrently, all active pharmacists were granted the authority to issue prescriptions, commonly known as <italic>pro auctore</italic> and <italic>pro familiae</italic>. The aim of the study was to illustrate the influence of legislative processes on the number of prescriptions issued by practicing pharmacists. To conduct the study, we employed a legal and comparative analysis of relevant legal provisions, followed by a statistical analysis of data obtained from the E-Health Center about the number of prescriptions issued. The results indicated that since the extension of pharmacists’ rights (after April 2020), the average number of pharmaceutical prescriptions issued per month was 151,082. Between May 2020, when pharmacists were granted the authority to issue <italic>pro auctore</italic> and <italic>pro familiae</italic> prescriptions, and October 2023, 1,460,385 such prescriptions were dispensed. As a result, a significant relationship between the form of the legislative norms empowering pharmacists to independently prescribe Rx status medicines and the effectiveness of these amendments as measured by the number of prescriptions issued was demonstrated.
</abstract>

Changes in pharmaceutical prescription authorizations and their impact on the number of prescriptions issued by pharmacists in Poland

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Clinical trials are an integral part of the process of developing new drugs, diagnostic methods and medical devices. Clinical trials offer patients the chance to access alternative treatment methods, thereby improving their quality of life, and even achieving recovery. Additionally, clinical trials provide the opportunity for regular contact with a specialist doctor and easier access to diagnostics, ensuring a faster therapeutic path for the patient. One of the key aspects of conducting clinical trials is choosing the right investigator and research center so as to meet specific criteria and guarantee high quality of the conducted studies. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the differences between conducting clinical trials in public and commercial centers. A diagnostic survey was used in the study and the research tool chosen was a proprietary questionnaire belonging to the research technique as survey questionnaire. Questionnaires were constructed for the appropriate stakeholders/respondents, namely: doctors and employees of pharmaceutical companies and CROs. The analysis showed that employees of pharmaceutical companies, given the choice, prefer to cooperate with commercial centers. They choose public centers only when they need a center for phase one trials or those requiring hospitalization. The research obtained shows that public centers should improve administrative processes in order to optimize tasks such as contracting or obtaining a study.
</abstract>

A comparison of the potential of Clinical Trials Centers within both public and commercial trial facilities

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Anemia is a grave public health issue that affects 25% of the global population. Conventional iron formulations used in treatment have drawbacks such as poor bioavailability and gastric intolerability. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-anemic effects of different iron salts in Wistar rats with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA was induced by the validated pre-clinical model by retro-orbital bloodletting (1 ml) for 21 days along with an iron-deficient diet in Wistar rats. The rats (n=48) were assigned into 8 groups: Control group, IDA rats, IDA rats receiving either vehicle or different iron salts (ferrous sulfate, ferrous ascorbate, ferrous fumarate, and Sucrosomial iron) for 21 days at a dose of 30 mg/kg p.o. Hematological parameters and iron store indices were assessed at each visit.
Anemia induction markedly reduced hemoglobin levels in all IDA groups on day 21. In contrast, iron supplements showed significant improvement in hematological profile after 21 days of treatment. Interestingly, the Sucrosomial iron-supplemented group (group 8) showed significantly higher improvement in hemoglobin levels and hematocrit than did conventional iron supplements such as ferrous sulfate (group 5), ferrous ascorbate (group 6) and ferrous fumarate (group 7) (p &lt;0.05 for each group, respectively). Sucrosomial iron also showed slightly better improvement in iron store indices (serum iron &amp; ferritin levels, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation [%]) when compared with other iron supplements (non-significant difference).
Authors concluded that Sucrosomial iron has a significant potential to improve IDA in Wistar rats compared to conventional iron salts. Sucrosomial iron can be useful for the management of IDA either prophylactically or therapeutically.
</abstract>

Comparative evaluation of anti-anemic effect of Sucrosomial iron in experimental model of iron deficiency anemia in Wistar rats

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The review aimed to illustrate the structure, role and effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, ASA) in various clinical cases. This verification of earlier single studies may be a guide in the further treatment of civilization diseases. The results of the presented narrative review suggest that aspirin supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduces pro-inflammatory biomarkers in sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Including adequate amounts of omega 3-PUFAs in therapy, rather than increasing the dose of acetylsalicylic acid, may contribute to beneficial effects in treating thrombosis and preventing myocardial infarction or other cardiovascular diseases, which is particularly important in aspirin-resistant patients. As suggested in the literature, a low daily dose of omega-3 fatty acids was effective in slowing the progression of kidney disease with IgA nephropathy. Aspirin supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids has improved clinical and immunological outcomes in the treatment of periodontitis or the therapy of colorectal cancer tumor lesions. The synergistic effect of both compounds is proposed as a new therapeutic option in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Further research into the synergistic effects of omega-3 fatty acids in combination with acetylsalicylic acid may provide a breakthrough in drug dose reduction, ultimately enabling more effective and safer pharmacotherapy for the patient. Therefore, studies on polyunsaturated fatty acids in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs <italic>in vivo</italic> are needed.
</abstract>

Synergistic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and aspirin in the clinical practice – a narrative review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Different levels of miR-625-5p, miR-31-5p and miR-5100 have been reported in many cancers. Viral infections have been linked to miRNA levels in tumors, including those in the head and neck, but a large proportion of studies only include infections with a single virus. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of miR-625-5p, 31-5p and 5100 in oropharyngeal cancer with single HPV and EBV infections and HPV/EBV co-infection. The study examined 128 oropharyngeal cancer patients infected with EBV and HPV alone or co-infected with both viruses. For the determination of miRNAs, the enzyme immunoassays was used. Both miR-625-5p and miR-31-5p were higher in the HPV/EBV co-infection than in the single infection HPV or EBV. However, in the case of miR-5100, the values in co-infection were lower than in a single EBV infection. The analysis of miRNAs in relation to the histological grade and tumor classification, nodes (TN) showed that in poorly differentiated tumors the level of the studied miRNAs was higher compared to well-differentiated lesions, and in cases with larger tumor sizes and lymph node involvement, the miRNA values were both higher in single infections and co-infections.
</abstract>

Selected miRNAs in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) with HPV and EBV coinfection

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Over the past five years, phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been conducted on material extracted from members of the Rutaceae family. In such work, new furochinoline-structured alkaloids were isolated from Ruta sp. and Dictamnus sp. Beyond the aforementioned, other substances with promising activity were isolated from the less-known species of Zanthoxylum, Evodia, Lonchocarpus, Myrthopsis and Teclea. Currently used forms of extraction, as well as methods of isolation and detection, allow the obtaining of pure, biologically active compounds. Many of these have antifungal, anti-bacterial and anti-plasmodial properties. Others are still being researched as potential drugs, which, in future, may be used in treating those afflicted with HIV and cancer. This article is designed to give the readers a thorough review of the active natural products from the Rutaceae family.</abstract>

Hibiscus Pharmacy, 26 Puławska Str, 02-512 Warszawa, Poland

Department Pharmacognosy with Medical Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki , 20-093 Lublin, Poland

Furochinoline alkaloids in plants from Rutaceae family – a review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>A simple, fast, and highly selective RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of Dapagliflozin (DAP) and Saxagliptin (SAX) in API and tablet dosage form. The separation was done using a Xterra RP18 (4.6×150 mm, 5 μm particle size) column with Acetonitrile: water (60:40). The isocratic elution mode at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and the analytes were measured at 248 nm. The retention time for DAP and SAX were about 2.091 and 3.249 min, respectively. Calibration curves were found to be linear in the ranges of 100-500 μg/ml for DAP and 50-250 μg/ml for SAX, with correlation coefficients of 0.9998. The detection and quantification values for DAP was 3.0 and 9.98 μg/ml and SAX was 3.02 and 10 μg/ml respectively.</abstract>

Stability indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of dapagliflozin and saxagliptin in bulk and tablet dosage form

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The present investigation was to estimate the total phenolic content and composition of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in herbal infusions obtained from aerial parts of three <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> species (<italic>Dracocephalum moldavica, Ocimum americanum</italic> and <italic>Satureja hortensis</italic>). The total phenolic content of herbal infusions was determined using a spectrophotometric method, whereas the individual phenolics were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method was developed and validated. The total phenolic content was measured by applying the Folin-Ciocalteu method with reference to gallic acid. Results were in the range from 29.39 to 65.38 mg estimated as gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry herb. The phenolic profile was, in turn, analysed by HPLC and consisted of gallic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, and rosmarinic) and flavonoids (rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, apigenin, apigenin-7-glucoside and catechin) in different concentrations. Rosmarinic acid was the predominant component among the hydroxycinnamic acids in herbal infusions of all three plants. This was found to be in the range of 3.64 to 5.28 mg per gram of dry herb. Apigenin-7-glucoside, quercitrin and hyperoside were the prevailing flavonoid components of the infusions.</abstract>

Phenolic compounds of herbal infusions obtained from some species of the <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> family

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Adipose tissue is at a point of high interest in medical research, not only as an energy depot, but also because it secretes nearly more than 600 cytokines. These are termed‚ adipokines’. Human adipokines are involved in numerous metabolic processes, including the regulation of appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and cardiovascular activity. Thus, these could be clinically important as a markers of adipose tissue function and increased metabolic risk. The search for novel adipokines linking obesity to related co-morbidities has become a major topic in obesity research. In such work, there is an increasing need to define their function, their molecular targets and their potential clinical relevance as biomarkers or in the treatment of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Omentin (34 kDa) is a recently identified fat deposition-specific adipokine with multiple interactions. Concentrations of omentin have been shown to be decreased in patients with obesity and impaired glucose regulation, in patients afflicted with diabetes type 1 and 2, and in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. These are all diseases commonly associated with insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of this study was to show and compare the latest information about omentin and its relationships with obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), inflammation, cardiac problems, sex hormone imbalances and cancer. The association of omentin with particular metabolic indexes may suggest that an elevation in omentin level may be seen as being a marker for leanness, while a decreased level will underline possible situations of overweight and obesity along with their comorbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, inflammation and even cancer). However, a challenge for the future is to fully understand the multiple role played by omentin. Thus, more studies in these matter are required.</abstract>

Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland

Chair and department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland

Omentin - a new adipokine with many roles to play

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) constitute a group of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint and associated structures. An etiological connection of TMD with psychological factors was proposed as early as the 1980’s. Indeed, the interdependence of psychological and health aspects in the patient’s treatment, place light upon the more important variables contributing to the various mental disorders that may accompany TMD. Current literature suggests a close relationship between TMD and selected psychological factors, such as personality traits, stress, depression, anxiety, and catastrophizing. Of note, anxiety-depressive disorders, somatisation and catastrophizing contribute to chronic TMD, mainly in the form of myofascial pain. Hence, knowledge of the influence of psychological factors affecting TMD, enables the identification of patients with an increased risk of chronic painful TMD.</abstract>

Department of Functional Masticatory Disorders, Medical University of Lublin, Poland

Department of Dental Prosthetics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland

General Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland

Psychological aspects of temporomandibular disorders – literature review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The paper is a report of the examination of the tribological wear characteristics of certain dental metal biomaterials. In the study, tests were undertaken on the following materials: 316L steel, NiCrMo alloy, technically pure titanium (ASTM-grade 2) and Ti6Al4V ELI alloy (ASTM-grade 5). The tribological tests were performed in artificial saliva to determine the coefficient of friction and wear factor; the traces of wear were then ascertained through SEM. The significance of variations in the wear factor, was subsequently assessed by the U Mann-Whitney test. The resistance to wear in the ball-on-disc test under in vitro conditions was observed for the tested materials in the following order: NiCrMo&gt;316L&gt;Ti6Al4V&gt;Ti grade 2.</abstract>

Tribological characteristics of dental metal biomaterials

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