The Impact of the Maritime Border on the Development of Poland’s Border Areas in Terms of Expenses of Foreigners and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Agnieszka Malkowska
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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, Arkadiusz Malkowski
Faculty of Economic, West Pomeranian University of Technology in SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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e Anna Tokarz-Kocik
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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20 dic 2023
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Pubblicato online: 20 dic 2023
Pagine: 157 - 168
Ricevuto: 27 giu 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0038
Parole chiave
© 2023 Agnieszka Malkowska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![Crossings of the Polish border [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a89c65ef3f6d70532ee8a15164f7ad09fbff3167496566a877ac193d4902ea9f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Crossings of the Polish sea border by foreigners [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b9cc580e46731fc95997fd76fe12e8503f4566040202e1d165fbabaa71f5e3db&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for the purpose of a visit in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0441ffc00bf82aca1229e281a9622fc8de422d76d2e66e1fdeb03635fd03c5f6&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [in thousands].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0be7bd97db066cee79bed5e3d2625910f26ace6afe272f2092c9a2eff42a28a0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2840e300ff08023648801f1ff57cebc13b53665cf08e585592ed933981852f93&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6.
![Expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border in 2014–2020 [in million PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=16261d0c2b9aaf6781028eb0acce943579599529a68fc0f207f7b528d74f8ab7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.
![Average expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish border and Polish sea border in 2014–2021 [in PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2723001fbc43665ad671c93e49e1576600bc1867a88845e23bfae05786dadf76&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![Structure of expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border, incurred in Poland in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151502Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=685add8a85c409e0f9741958a35fc504a9d4fc83eba3221111fff112224f9ca9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.
