The Impact of the Maritime Border on the Development of Poland’s Border Areas in Terms of Expenses of Foreigners and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Agnieszka Malkowska
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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, Arkadiusz Malkowski
Faculty of Economic, West Pomeranian University of Technology in SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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und Anna Tokarz-Kocik
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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20. Dez. 2023
Über diesen Artikel
Online veröffentlicht: 20. Dez. 2023
Seitenbereich: 157 - 168
Eingereicht: 27. Juni 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0038
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© 2023 Agnieszka Malkowska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![Crossings of the Polish border [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T132157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e3652f208d9b6ddb9312d14a82c0467e2344de4b4f75c1316f36d227087589ef&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Crossings of the Polish sea border by foreigners [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T132157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4501ed4a82957f5edc6878d4b9fa81901443093405578dd5811358212dc8b286&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for the purpose of a visit in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T132157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=02756bb5c4682ae9b68ae3558f1e26501af52a463696a9da97a60a46bfe54896&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [in thousands].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T132157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e3b043fb651b3e5b1ecf57cc09b28d278fdcbb93c7f1c91bf5811882b43ba3b7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T132157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=da18c7bbf9987d1ce02aeeb8d77cd46308063e1d6b324494887d4de7ca625c24&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6.
![Expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border in 2014–2020 [in million PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T132157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=fc46996d699f1bf2e572a1d6bcbdf781ce0d19b532a20b8d8fbf08252c955869&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.
![Average expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish border and Polish sea border in 2014–2021 [in PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T132157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ae59ca5f693c10a02207d9ea24b7125b7eba8da36bf7b97c540a54e9aa8881a9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![Structure of expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border, incurred in Poland in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T132157Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6c4027c3fee3cf0e383770055e66f19ff24f1ec4624452a0fb73480643f66393&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.
