The Impact of the Maritime Border on the Development of Poland’s Border Areas in Terms of Expenses of Foreigners and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Agnieszka Malkowska
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
Perfil de OrcidBuscar este autor en
, Arkadiusz Malkowski
Faculty of Economic, West Pomeranian University of Technology in SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
Perfil de OrcidBuscar este autor en
y Anna Tokarz-Kocik
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
Perfil de OrcidBuscar este autor en
20 dic 2023
Acerca de este artículo
Publicado en línea: 20 dic 2023
Páginas: 157 - 168
Recibido: 27 jun 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0038
Palabras clave
© 2023 Agnieszka Malkowska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![Crossings of the Polish border [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c05dcbf4caa620afb4b2bfef47c6b3155c5825e5b67873c48a78f04800292250&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Crossings of the Polish sea border by foreigners [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d69338082e91a8a69ab3b2317a40aeed40db86a35552ed49ef4e39869409edc0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for the purpose of a visit in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4fb8aed81532354256c725ca6d170406a2185be6f6bb7b2f609f1361096a8877&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [in thousands].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a846d2c7712eaa7105d3360a5f0e985e977f1ebd8ffb3aae557b0bf0461032f5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9ca08544acf93b13375ba3ffc41cea002acad762e2b114d809bc92a21e277a83&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6.
![Expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border in 2014–2020 [in million PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8d550ef5fa8d8e26af3b53f4318b23872eca971a4f70f423ba0acb23bb6f5032&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.
![Average expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish border and Polish sea border in 2014–2021 [in PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=a1c0bf925e05582d515fb43c53d8168addd62317c837fd92944060e1a08c75d8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![Structure of expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border, incurred in Poland in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151456Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=d5134ea700d9e9829fcd54cd295b211ccc697721c005850782f5bf8ce600feb8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.
