The Impact of the Maritime Border on the Development of Poland’s Border Areas in Terms of Expenses of Foreigners and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Agnieszka Malkowska
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
Orcid profileSearch for this author on
, Arkadiusz Malkowski
Faculty of Economic, West Pomeranian University of Technology in SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
Orcid profileSearch for this author on
and Anna Tokarz-Kocik
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
Orcid profileSearch for this author on
Dec 20, 2023
About this article
Published Online: Dec 20, 2023
Page range: 157 - 168
Received: Jun 27, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0038
Keywords
© 2023 Agnieszka Malkowska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![Crossings of the Polish border [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151506Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=bc9ba349982b2c1500bfcb994a1f01b4c562502fee29171b4789b1bf956831a4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Crossings of the Polish sea border by foreigners [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151506Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5a0676621f69caccd51109711578770f6452a0e409bce296d0b37684ec11a109&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for the purpose of a visit in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151506Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0698ed8cd8fa42e107399042efe6ed41cde86c323cd0e04dad25c422b95f92cd&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [in thousands].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151506Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=cb9269ad18a82225613c0bf07e8b7703227f66f2c5bc14639c60033fe7889ced&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151506Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=3263d9d9ff9982ddb570ab2d0441664796ae4ce81ea8d4065ad5863b13ad40a9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6.
![Expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border in 2014–2020 [in million PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151506Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=01dbb6940d32da8606e497f91dcf8bcbffb6980dcbda0c4efa48d06f150cebca&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.
![Average expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish border and Polish sea border in 2014–2021 [in PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151506Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6b535b34b039d90be82fbe732645f20c58e456d62a42c29241b66aab28cb7ac2&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![Structure of expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border, incurred in Poland in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151506Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=4f9ac5e9830e1507077deb69720966945af3d7faca1851ffa6046973891633d3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.
