The Impact of the Maritime Border on the Development of Poland’s Border Areas in Terms of Expenses of Foreigners and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Agnieszka Malkowska
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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, Arkadiusz Malkowski
Faculty of Economic, West Pomeranian University of Technology in SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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et Anna Tokarz-Kocik
Faculty of Economics, Finance and Management, Institute of Management, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
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20 déc. 2023
À propos de cet article
Publié en ligne: 20 déc. 2023
Pages: 157 - 168
Reçu: 27 juin 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0038
Mots clés
© 2023 Agnieszka Malkowska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![Crossings of the Polish border [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=645a7870cefa12ac2eb01fbb6aa0e34e6f75465c90229b8e7672aa679b962b99&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
![Crossings of the Polish sea border by foreigners [in million].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9cbc40936ff2503e3055ee892647fa2883938c43696b575589b9526e8523549f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for the purpose of a visit in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ccc38034b88f64daf66b0955ad02ceb6bc2aa21020e55f3c53f16eb5253f503f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [in thousands].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0aae1b6e27a775136ff76a36db94e5349f198bb982cf3e8abbd5dbf0c8bd1834&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Foreigners crossing the Polish sea border for private purposes in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0a7a58335c03bc483ac2b5c32da4b72e0c52683b6d88c250945c661b3591ffda&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 6.
![Expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border in 2014–2020 [in million PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5669512c2a2843c38f43fa1d3a06d40e476852f56dfaeab0d80ea41646333b6b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 7.
![Average expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish border and Polish sea border in 2014–2021 [in PLN].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b8a44a67fb7aab3428d1b473d9da32be3b5bcacfc298bd9b12f0c549af772dd9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 8.
![Structure of expenses of foreigners crossing the Polish sea border, incurred in Poland in 2014 and 2020 [%].
Source: own study based on: Statistics Poland (2015), Statistics Poland (2022).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65835dd679f7550bc9ea1121/j_quageo-2023-0038_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250913%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250913T151457Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=3ae675e1d61eca2eb2d735fca198bdd4436f4f2a08b4f44e986c1c740339322a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9.
