Overeducation measure: 80th percentile | Cross-country sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | |||
ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Sex | −0.004 | |||
Field of study | ||||
General programs | −0.041 | 0.094 | ||
Education | −0.055* | −0.013 | ||
Arts and humanities | −0.045 | 0.066* | ||
Business and law | −0.017 | 0.037 | ||
Natural sciences | 0.097*** | −0.073* | ||
ICT | −0.097*** | 0.008 | ||
Engineering | −0.052** | 0.039 | ||
Agriculture | 0.019 | −0.001 | ||
Health and welfare | −0.102*** | 0.026 | ||
Services | 0.069** | −0.087** | ||
Observations | 34,627 |
Overeducation measure: Mode | Cross-country sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | |||
ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Inverse mills ratio | 0.047*** | |||
Individual variables | ||||
Sex | −0.021 | |||
25–29 years | −0.044 | 0.039 | ||
30–34 years | −0.026 | −0.003 | ||
Foreigner | 0.149*** | |||
Job variables | ||||
11−19 persons | −0.021 | |||
20−49 persons | −0.041** | |||
50 and more persons | −0.042*** | |||
Temporary contract | 0.055*** | |||
Working hours (in 10 hours) | −0.037*** | |||
Tenure (in 10 years) | −0.021 | |||
Tenure squared (in 10 years) | −0.015 | |||
Observations |
Overeducation measure: 80th percentile | Cross-country sample | |
---|---|---|
Country dummy | ME | SE |
Austria | 0.067*** | 0.012 |
Belgium | −0.074*** | 0.011 |
Bulgaria | −0.101*** | 0.032 |
Cyprus | −0.001 | 0.017 |
Czech Republic | 0.029 | 0.021 |
Estonia | −0.101*** | 0.026 |
France | 0.096*** | 0.015 |
Greece | 0.071*** | 0.014 |
Hungary | 0.059*** | 0.013 |
Ireland | −0.004 | 0.016 |
Italy | 0.121*** | 0.012 |
Latvia | −0.019 | 0.023 |
Lithuania | −0.097*** | 0.017 |
Netherlands | −0.093*** | 0.015 |
Poland | −0.066*** | 0.009 |
Portugal | 0.048*** | 0.015 |
Romania | −0.071*** | 0.014 |
Slovak Republic | −0.030 | 0.020 |
Spain | −0.002 | 0.023 |
United Kingdom | 0.059*** | 0.013 |
Observations | 34,627 |
Austria | Belgium | Bulgraria | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | |||||||
ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Sex | –0.042 | 0.083 | 0.124 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.201* | 0.193* | 0.094* | –0.114* | 1.152*** | –1.025*** | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.142 | 0.267** | 0.076 | 0.004 | ||||||||
Business | –0.032 | 0.088 | –0.065 | 0.027 | 0.853*** | –0.629*** | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.030 | 0.083 | 0.185*** | –0.167** | 0.766*** | –0.328 | ||||||
ICT | –0.337*** | 0.470*** | –0.153*** | 0.037 | 0.046 | 0.238 | ||||||
Engineering | –0.181** | 0.180* | 0.080** | 0.003 | 0.943*** | –0.652*** | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.251* | –0.195 | 0.092 | –0.080 | ||||||||
Health and welfare | –0.181* | 0.075 | 0.076 | –0.165*** | –0.015 | |||||||
Services | –0.064 | 0.004 | 0.040 | –0.031 | ||||||||
Observations | 1, 536 | 124 | ||||||||||
Sex | –0.934 | –0.743*** | 0.500** | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –3.692 | 3.838 | 0.074 | –0.273* | –0.686*** | 0.947*** | ||||||
Arts and humanities | 0.197 | –0.141 | 0.122 | –0.218 | 0.015 | 0.301 | ||||||
Business | –0.103 | 0.136 | 0.028 | –0.170 | –0.111 | 0.306* | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.707 | –0.689 | 0.466*** | –0.515*** | 0.218 | 0.058 | ||||||
ICT | 0.037 | |||||||||||
Engineering | –0.050 | 0.090 | 0.107 | –0.043 | 0.096 | 0.243 | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.386*** | –0.293 | 0.222 | |||||||||
Health and welfare | –0.064 | –1.293 | –1.022*** | 0.866*** | 0.151 | 0.178 | ||||||
Services | –0.144 | 0.391*** | –0.197 | –0.014 | 0.057 | |||||||
Observations | 562 | 378 | ||||||||||
Sex | –0.139 | 0.016 | –1.513*** | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | –0.080 | 0.188 | ||||||||||
Education | –0.086 | –0.035 | –0.137*** | –0.010 | –0.202* | 0.269** | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.088 | 0.139 | –0.029 | 0.032 | 0.038 | 0.032 | ||||||
Business | –0.035 | 0.118 | –0.011 | 0.007 | 0.098 | –0.173* | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.336*** | –0.222 | 0.094** | –0.105* | –0.110 | 0.085 | ||||||
ICT | –0.002 | –0.253 | –0.147*** | 0.023 | 0.144* | –0.168 | ||||||
Engineering | –0.017 | –0.062 | –0.086** | –0.009 | –0.141** | 0.238*** | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.176 | –0.168 | 0.022 | –0.169* | –0.133 | 0.226 | ||||||
Health and welfare | –0.044 | 0.191 | –0.181*** | 0.013 | 0.057 | 0.032 | ||||||
Services | 0.057 | –0.091 | 0.110** | –0.082 | –0.315*** | 0.232** | ||||||
Observations | 1,088 | 7,379 | 1,443 | |||||||||
Sex | 1.095*** | 0.335 | 0.066 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | 0.193 | |||||||||||
Education | 0.201** | –0.134 | 0.030 | –0.429** | –0.088 | –0.111 | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.018 | 0.050 | –1.120*** | 0.832*** | –0.051 | 0.109 | ||||||
Business | 0.104 | 0.016 | 0.024 | –0.226 | 0.028 | –0.018 | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.168* | –0.352** | 0.184 | –0.389** | 0.121 | –0.162 | ||||||
ICT | –0.152** | 0.134 | –0.098 | –0.265 | –0.415*** | 0.504*** | ||||||
Engineering | –0.059 | –0.037 | 0.136 | –0.297* | –0.012 | –0.054 | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.030 | 0.304** | –0.022 | 0.807*** | ||||||||
Health and welfare | –1.582*** | 1.602*** | 0.093 | –0.399** | 0.083 | –0.251** | ||||||
Services | 0.210** | –0.168 | –0.169 | –0.098 | 0.061 | –0.010 | ||||||
Observations | 1,458 | 939 | 1,943 | |||||||||
Sex | 0.380 | –0.219 | 0.014 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | 0.076 | |||||||||||
Education | 1.207*** | –1.109*** | 0.468*** | –0.470*** | 0.103 | –0.027 | ||||||
Arts and humanities | 0.163 | –0.158 | –0.879*** | 0.932*** | –0.165* | 0.331*** | ||||||
Business | 1.019*** | –0.930*** | –0.009 | 0.064 | –0.110* | 0.159** | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.006 | 0.127 | 0.013 | 0.150 | ||||||||
ICT | 0.025 | |||||||||||
Engineering | 0.806*** | –0.540*** | 0.090 | 0.046 | –0.136* | 0.126 | ||||||
Agriculture | –0.104 | 0.143 | –0.045 | 0.014 | ||||||||
Health and welfare | 0.082 | –0.138 | –0.752*** | 0.815*** | –0.118 | 0.098 | ||||||
Services | 0.992*** | –1.070*** | 0.013 | 0.112 | 0.011 | 0.010 | ||||||
Observations | 440 | 914 | 1, 422 | |||||||||
Sex | –0.021 | 0.634*** | 0.208 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.006 | 0.076* | –0.211* | 0.426*** | –0.331*** | 0.644*** | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.048 | 0.072 | –0.233*** | 0.226** | 0.002 | 0.068 | ||||||
Business | –0.043 | 0.085** | –0.139* | 0.181* | 0.132*** | –0.098* | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.044 | 0.116** | –0.237 | 0.270 | 0.135 | –0.026 | ||||||
ICT | –0.154*** | 0.005 | 0.053 | 0.041 | ||||||||
Engineering | –0.076** | 0.191*** | –0.251*** | 0.222** | –0.024 | –0.039 | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.033 | 0.078 | 0.222 | –0.273* | 0.067 | 0.001 | ||||||
Health and welfare | 0.020 | –0.033 | –0.230** | 0.191* | 0.225** | –0.216* | ||||||
Services | 0.034 | 0.067 | 0.059 | –0.089 | 0.054 | 0.007 | ||||||
Observations | 5,749 | 1, 063 | 626 | |||||||||
Sex | –0.256*** | –0.106 | 0.062 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.891*** | 0.909*** | –0.247** | –0.148 | –0.191 | 0.091 | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.957*** | 1.172*** | 0.288 | –0.341 | –0.051 | –0.029 | ||||||
Business | –0.094 | 0.357*** | –0.143 | 0.141 | –0.000 | –0.038 | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.205* | 0.062 | –0.115 | 0.161 | 0.018 | –0.111 | ||||||
ICT | –0.144 | –0.278** | 0.035 | 0.003 | –0.186 | |||||||
Engineering | 0.066 | 0.266** | –0.160 | –0.080 | 0.069 | –0.054 | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.237** | 0.124 | –0.209 | 0.001 | –1.231*** | 1.180*** | ||||||
Health and welfare | 0.065 | 0.093 | –0.221 | 0.125 | –0.149 | –0.097 | ||||||
Services | 0.026 | –0.029 | –0.188 | 0.075 | –0.147 | |||||||
Observations | 565 | 417 | 1, 462 |
Overeducation measure: Mode | Cross-country sample | |
---|---|---|
Country dummy | ME | SE |
Austria | −0.172*** | |
Belgium | −0.080*** | |
Bulgaria | −0.245*** | |
Cyprus | −0.003 | |
Czech Republic | −0.035 | |
Estonia | −0.134*** | |
France | −0.011 | |
Greece | −0.025 | |
Hungary | 0.040** | |
Ireland | 0.069*** | |
Italy | 0.173*** | |
Latvia | −0.052*** | |
Lithuania | −0.004 | |
Netherlands | 0.071*** | |
Poland | −0.249*** | |
Portugal | −0.140*** | |
Romania | −0.188*** | |
Slovak Republic | −0.037* | |
Spain | −0.157*** | |
United Kingdom | 0.074*** | |
Observations | 34,624 |
Overeducation measure: 80th percentile | Cross-country sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | |||
ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Inverse mills ratio | 0.053*** | 0.018 | ||
Individual variables | ||||
Sex | −0.004 | |||
25–29 years | −0.053 | 0.018 | ||
30–34 years | −0.017 | −0.033 | ||
Foreigner | 0.152*** | |||
Job variables | ||||
11–19 persons | −0.055*** | |||
20–49 persons | −0.056*** | |||
50 and more persons | −0.036*** | |||
Temporary contract | 0.059*** | |||
Working hours (in 10 hours) | −0.046*** | |||
Tenure (in 10 years) | −0.108*** | |||
Tenure squared (in 10 years) | 0.047* | |||
Observations |
Overeducation measure: Mode | Cross-country sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | |||
ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Sex | −0.021 | |||
Field of study | ||||
General programmes | 0.159 | −0.288* | ||
Education | −0.075** | −0.054 | ||
Arts and humanities | −0.069* | 0.071* | ||
Business and law | 0.008 | 0.015 | ||
Natural sciences | 0.102*** | −0.045 | ||
ICT | −0.097*** | −0.003 | ||
Engineering | −0.086*** | 0.081** | ||
Agriculture | −0.034 | 0.026 | ||
Health and welfare | −0.083** | −0.025 | ||
Services | 0.110*** | −0.053 | ||
Observations | 34,624 |
Austria | Belgium | Bulgaria | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | |||||||
ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Sex | 0.031 | 0.102 | 0.102 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.082 | 0.117 | 1.092*** | –0.068 | 1.092*** | –0.724* | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.086 | 0.196 | 0.467 | –0.012 | 0.467 | |||||||
Business | 0.044 | –0.012 | 0.355 | 0.109* | 0.355 | 0.031 | ||||||
Natural sciences | –0.081 | 0.056 | 0.341 | –0.060 | 0.341 | –0.142 | ||||||
ICT | –0.242*** | 0.218 | 0.132 | –0.019 | 0.132 | 0.331 | ||||||
Engineering | –0.092 | 0.023 | 0.258 | –0.060 | 0.258 | 0.420 | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.323*** | –0.243 | –0.003 | |||||||||
Health and welfare | –0.071 | –0.040 | 0.351 | –0.247*** | 0.351 | –0.134 | ||||||
Services | 0.060 | –0.126 | 0.102 | |||||||||
Observations | 1, 536 | 124 | ||||||||||
Sex | –0.808*** | 0.294 | –0.253 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.067 | –0.026 | 0.182 | –0.199 | –0.627*** | 0.621*** | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.042 | 0.103 | –1.291*** | 1.267*** | –0.101 | –0.085 | ||||||
Business | –0.190** | 0.129 | –0.021 | 0.019 | –0.287*** | 0.163 | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.199 | –0.360** | –0.067 | –0.114 | 0.036 | –0.113 | ||||||
ICT | –0.050 | –0.143 | –0.650*** | |||||||||
Engineering | –0.105 | –0.182 | 0.021 | –0.077 | –0.174* | 0.290** | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.292* | –0.393* | –0.019 | |||||||||
Health and welfare | –0.171 | –0.063 | 0.405*** | –0.437*** | –0.240 | 0.540*** | ||||||
Services | –0.014 | 0.493*** | –0.056 | 0.371** | ||||||||
Observations | 562 | 449 | 378 | |||||||||
Sex | 0.077 | 0.082 | –1.075*** | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | 0.253 | 0.006 | ||||||||||
Education | 0.062 | –0.180 | –0.106** | 0.230*** | –0.152 | –0.025 | ||||||
Arts and humanities | 0.152 | –0.158 | 0.028 | 0.077 | –0.153 | 0.019 | ||||||
Business | 0.053 | –0.007 | 0.064 | 0.124** | –0.061 | –0.138 | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.124 | –0.377** | –0.048 | 0.020 | –1.495*** | 1.303*** | ||||||
ICT | –0.021 | –0.264 | –0.147*** | 0.054 | 0.044 | –0.011 | ||||||
Engineering | –0.040 | –0.171 | 0.104** | –0.050 | –0.036 | –0.047 | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.098 | –0.157 | 0.016 | –0.108 | –0.210 | –0.110 | ||||||
Health and welfare | –0.059 | 0.014 | –0.147** | 0.094 | –0.331*** | 0.101 | ||||||
Services | 0.224* | –0.295* | 0.306*** | –0.056 | –0.082 | –0.148 | ||||||
Observations | 1, 088 | 7,379 | 1, 443 | |||||||||
Sex | 1.330*** | 0.411* | 0.038 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | 0.348* | –0.930*** | ||||||||||
Education | 0.008 | 0.017 | –0.095 | –0.386** | –0.152 | –0.029 | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.272*** | 0.342*** | 0.117 | –0.404* | –0.166* | 0.208* | ||||||
Business | 0.070 | 0.066 | 0.066 | –0.268 | –0.046 | 0.074 | ||||||
Natural sciences | –0.011 | –0.133 | 0.029 | –0.338* | –0.130 | 0.018 | ||||||
ICT | –0.352*** | 0.215 | –0.043 | –0.219 | –0.025 | 0.176 | ||||||
Engineering | –0.089 | –0.081 | 0.003 | –0.358* | –0.190*** | –0.020 | ||||||
Agriculture | –0.148 | 0.306** | –0.154 | 0.205 | ||||||||
Health and welfare | –1.895*** | 1.919*** | 0.010 | –0.485** | 0.004 | –0.036 | ||||||
Services | 0.197* | –0.181 | 0.127 | –0.098 | 0.288** | 0.054 | ||||||
Observations | 1, 458 | 939 | 1,943 | |||||||||
Sex | –2.101*** | –0.171 | 0.460** | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | –0.017 | |||||||||||
Education | 0.258 | –0.286 | 0.511** | –0.449* | 0.225* | –0.101 | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –1.278*** | 1.244*** | –0.126 | 0.268 | –0.072 | 0.229* | ||||||
Business | –0.028 | 0.162 | 0.090 | –0.028 | 0.048 | 0.114 | ||||||
Natural sciences | –0.058 | 0.016 | –0.065 | 0.282* | ||||||||
ICT | –0.157 | 0.293 | ||||||||||
Engineering | –0.051 | 0.251 | 0.095 | –0.052 | –0.017 | 0.118 | ||||||
Agriculture | –2.081*** | 1.966*** | 0.260 | –0.337 | ||||||||
Health and welfare | –1.611*** | 1.449*** | –1.461*** | 1.522*** | 0.131 | 0.019 | ||||||
Services | 0.066 | –0.151 | 0.113 | 0.029 | 0.323*** | –0.017 | ||||||
Observations | 440 | 914 | 1,' 422 | |||||||||
Sex | 0.208* | 0.789*** | –0.021 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | 0.162*** | –0.196*** | –0.198 | 0.370** | –0.847*** | 1.245*** | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –0.117* | –0.005 | –0.133 | 0.243** | –0.061 | 0.202 | ||||||
Business | –0.047 | 0.000 | –0.108 | 0.221** | 0.123** | –0.054 | ||||||
Natural sciences | –0.024 | –0.012 | –0.217 | 0.227 | 0.136 | 0.039 | ||||||
ICT | –0.232*** | –0.257*** | –0.131 | 0.239* | ||||||||
Engineering | –0.195*** | 0.050 | –0.188** | 0.171 | –0.122* | 0.028 | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.213* | –0.320** | 0.310* | –0.168 | 0.085 | –0.130 | ||||||
Health and welfare | –0.060 | –0.262*** | –0.134 | 0.154 | 0.006 | –0.082 | ||||||
Services | 0.126** | –0.085 | 0.235** | –0.031 | –0.158* | 0.344*** | ||||||
Observations | 5, 749 | 1,063 | 1, 626 | |||||||||
Sex | –0.176** | 0.150 | –0.097 | |||||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.134 | 0.131 | 0.111 | –0.247 | –0.289** | 0.165 | ||||||
Arts and humanities | –1.257*** | 1.598*** | –1.001*** | 0.985*** | –0.030 | 0.030 | ||||||
Business | –0.159** | 0.448*** | 0.120 | –0.109 | –0.063 | 0.015 | ||||||
Natural sciences | 0.163 | 0.010 | –0.050 | 0.141 | –0.082 | 0.005 | ||||||
ICT | –0.381*** | –0.060 | –0.050 | –0.066 | –0.168 | |||||||
Engineering | 0.181** | 0.082 | 0.113 | –0.400* | –0.063 | –0.038 | ||||||
Agriculture | 0.107 | 0.124 | –0.260 | –0.136 | –1.366*** | 1.397*** | ||||||
Health and welfare | –1.248*** | 1.432*** | –0.063 | –0.120 | –0.224* | –0.009 | ||||||
Services | 0.127 | 0.126 | –0.256 | 0.154 | –0.151 | |||||||
Observations | 565 | 417 | 1 ,462 |
Overeducation measure: ISCO | Cross-country sample | |
---|---|---|
Country dummy | ME | SE |
Austria | −0.104*** | |
Belgium | −0.033*** | |
Bulgaria | −0.061* | |
Cyprus | 0.108*** | |
Czech Republic | −0.004 | |
Estonia | −0.067*** | |
France | −0.030* | |
Greece | 0.070*** | |
Hungary | −0.056*** | |
Ireland | −0.023 | |
Italy | 0.209*** | |
Latvia | −0.095*** | |
Lithuania | 0.002 | |
Netherlands | −0.124*** | |
Poland | −0.035*** | |
Portugal | −0.060*** | |
Romania | −0.153*** | |
Slovak Republic | 0.015 | |
Spain | −0.040 | |
United Kingdom | −0.075*** | |
Observations | 34,624 |
Overeducation measure: ISCO | Cross-country sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | |||
ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Sex | 0.065 | |||
Field of study | ||||
General programmes | 0.257** | −0.277* | ||
Education | −0.032 | 0.017 | ||
Arts and humanities | −0.003 | 0.020 | ||
Business and law | 0.002 | 0.037 | ||
Natural sciences | −0.034 | −0.032 | ||
ICT | −0.127*** | −0.023 | ||
Engineering | −0.043* | −0.053 | ||
Agriculture | −0.008 | −0.021 | ||
Health and welfare | −0.066* | −0.037 | ||
Services | 0.170*** | −0.095** | ||
Observations | 34,624 |
Austria | Belgium | Bulgaria | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction sex (female with = 1) | Base term | Interaction sex (female with = 1) | Base term | Interaction sex (female with = 1) | |||||||
ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Sex | –0.038 | 0.202 | –0.045 | 0.108 | –0.065 | 0.351 | ||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.224*** | 0.105 | 0.219* | 0.114 | 0.024 | 0.071 | –0.162** | 0.079 | 0.787** | 0.333 | –0.365 | 0.354 |
Arts and humanities | –0.167 | 0.105 | 0.280** | 0.121 | 0.123* | 0.066 | 0.016 | 0.082 | 0.285 | 0.335 | 0.129 | 0.400 |
Business | 0.020 | 0.079 | 0.035 | 0.093 | –0.018 | 0.053 | 0.031 | 0.065 | 0.110 | 0.192 | 0.180 | 0.230 |
Natural sciences | 0.019 | 0.100 | 0.095 | 0.129 | 0.230*** | 0.077 | –0.107 | 0.102 | 0.271 | 0.292 | –0.026 | 0.336 |
ICT | –0.363*** | 0.091 | 0.511*** | 0.154 | 0.050 | 0.063 | –0.223* | 0.134 | 0.063 | 0.237 | 0.445 | 0.274 |
Engineering | –0.188** | 0.078 | 0.203** | 0.101 | 0.140*** | 0.053 | 0.021 | 0.085 | 0.105 | 0.193 | 0.519** | 0.243 |
Agriculture | 0.253* | 0.134 | –0.191 | 0.171 | 0.173* | 0.105 | 0.152 | 0.176 | ||||
Health and welfare | –0.203** | 0.101 | 0.094 | 0.111 | 0.068 | 0.075 | –0.122 | 0.083 | 0.269 | 0.176 | ||
Services | –0.083 | 0.146 | 0.010 | 0.185 | 0.139 | 0.088 | 0.070 | 0.117 | –0.585** | 0.282 | 1.046*** | 0.363 |
Observations | 1, 536 | 2, 650 | 199 | |||||||||
Sex | –1.307*** | 0.243 | 0.258 | 0.260 | –0.648*** | 0.213 | ||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.933*** | 0.216 | 0.870*** | 0.235 | 0.025 | 0.161 | –0.246 | 0.184 | –0.932*** | 0.146 | 0.936*** | 0.161 |
Arts and humanities | –0.289* | 0.172 | 0.320* | 0.189 | –1.444*** | 0.180 | 1.395*** | 0.223 | –0.233 | 0.168 | 0.129 | 0.209 |
Business | –0.420*** | 0.111 | 0.382*** | 0.135 | 0.021 | 0.141 | –0.042 | 0.171 | –0.241** | 0.099 | 0.177 | 0.149 |
Natural sciences | –0.070 | 0.210 | 0.089 | 0.229 | 0.630*** | 0.189 | –0.731*** | 0.225 | –0.032 | 0.189 | 0.031 | 0.243 |
ICT | –0.050 | 0.145 | –0.215 | 0.311 | –0.671*** | 0.119 | ||||||
Engineering | –0.511*** | 0.129 | 0.195 | 0.211 | –0.004 | 0.121 | –0.074 | 0.166 | –0.146 | 0.091 | 0.386** | 0.151 |
Agriculture | 0.262 | 0.177 | –0.367 | 0.239 | –0.062 | 0.188 | ||||||
Health and welfare | –0.347** | 0.141 | 0.183 | 0.160 | 0.342** | 0.153 | –0.421** | 0.167 | –0.182 | 0.141 | 0.412** | 0.163 |
Services | –0.291* | 0.163 | 0.526*** | 0.165 | –0.011 | 0.111 | 0.422*** | 0.156 | ||||
Observations | 642 | 446 | 405 | |||||||||
Sex | –0.014 | 0.181 | 0.010 | 0.079 | –1.317*** | 0.143 | ||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General | –0.083 | 0.161 | 0.021 | 0.205 | ||||||||
programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | 0.412** | 0.199 | –0.238 | 0.214 | –0.254*** | 0.052 | 0.084 | 0.061 | –0.379*** | 0.144 | 0.268* | 0.149 |
Arts and humanities | 0.305* | 0.174 | –0.260 | 0.189 | –0.174*** | 0.057 | 0.180*** | 0.067 | –0.177 | 0.128 | 0.079 | 0.141 |
Business | 0.142 | 0.115 | –0.039 | 0.128 | 0.006 | 0.046 | 0.105* | 0.054 | 0.161 | 0.103 | –0.420*** | 0.115 |
Natural sciences | 0.467*** | 0.134 | –0.428*** | 0.160 | 0.128** | 0.053 | –0.014 | 0.066 | –0.282* | 0.158 | 0.170 | 0.179 |
ICT | 0.102 | 0.124 | –0.346 | 0.231 | –0.082* | 0.049 | 0.110 | 0.076 | 0.138 | 0.108 | –0.303** | 0.131 |
Engineering | 0.057 | 0.117 | –0.110 | 0.144 | –0.158*** | 0.045 | 0.183*** | 0.058 | –0.298*** | 0.088 | 0.162 | 0.111 |
Agriculture | 0.469* | 0.254 | –0.491* | 0.289 | –0.055 | 0.085 | –0.007 | 0.106 | –0.282* | 0.162 | 0.281 | 0.186 |
Health and welfare | –0.019 | 0.147 | 0.016 | 0.159 | –0.194*** | 0.055 | 0.024 | 0.063 | –0.186 | 0.119 | –0.012 | 0.129 |
Services | 0.249* | 0.138 | –0.262 | 0.169 | 0.145** | 0.061 | 0.016 | 0.078 | –0.325*** | 0.090 | 0.013 | 0.109 |
Observations | 1, 088 | 7 ,379 | 1, 443 | |||||||||
Sex | –0.108 | 0.218 | 0.599** | 0.242 | 0.009 | 0.081 | ||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General | 0.437** | 0.221 | ||||||||||
programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | 0.092 | 0.103 | –0.184* | 0.111 | 0.095 | 0.179 | –0.664*** | 0.210 | –0.166 | 0.136 | –0.019 | 0.144 |
Arts and humanities | –0.138 | 0.107 | 0.144 | 0.129 | –0.142 | 0.206 | –0.256 | 0.248 | –0.183* | 0.097 | 0.217** | 0.109 |
Business | –0.069 | 0.098 | 0.184 | 0.112 | 0.090 | 0.161 | –0.339* | 0.201 | –0.047 | 0.086 | 0.089 | 0.100 |
Natural sciences | 0.092 | 0.140 | –0.167 | 0.164 | 0.148 | 0.172 | –0.415* | 0.217 | 0.117 | 0.112 | –0.159 | 0.133 |
ICT | –0.276*** | 0.092 | –0.024 | 0.207 | –0.019 | 0.165 | –0.309 | 0.222 | –0.054 | 0.123 | 0.178 | 0.163 |
Engineering | –0.105 | 0.080 | –0.141 | 0.116 | 0.116 | 0.159 | –0.520** | 0.216 | –0.158** | 0.076 | –0.059 | 0.101 |
Agriculture | –0.229* | 0.126 | 0.621*** | 0.154 | –0.155 | 0.137 | 0.707*** | 0.164 | ||||
Health and welfare | –3.517*** | 0.148 | 3.487*** | 0.152 | 0.067 | 0.180 | –0.488** | 0.215 | 0.008 | 0.099 | –0.016 | 0.107 |
Services | 0.168 | 0.118 | –0.259* | 0.151 | 0.133 | 0.195 | –0.435* | 0.264 | 0.217 | 0.141 | 0.125 | 0.173 |
Observations | 1, 445 | 941 | 1,858 | |||||||||
Sex | –2.308*** | 0.293 | –0.409 | 0.260 | 0.479** | 0.198 | ||||||
Field of study | 0.231 | 0.249 | ||||||||||
General | 1.791*** | 0.197 | –0.488 | 0.309 | ||||||||
programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.195 | 0.229 | 0.181 | 0.158 | 0.418* | 0.230 | –0.408* | 0.246 | 0.253** | 0.126 | –0.361*** | 0.137 |
Arts and humanities | –1.744*** | 0.162 | –0.316 | 0.199 | 0.241 | 0.214 | 0.007 | 0.130 | 0.094 | 0.155 | ||
Business | –0.087 | 0.138 | –0.060 | 0.106 | 0.209* | 0.123 | 0.073 | 0.099 | –0.115 | 0.115 | ||
Natural sciences | 0.083 | 0.200 | –0.074 | 0.151 | 0.295 | 0.189 | 0.201 | 0.130 | 0.059 | 0.181 | ||
ICT | 2.205*** | 0.350 | 0.020 | 0.131 | –0.060 | 0.197 | ||||||
Engineering | 0.155 | 0.158 | –0.179 | 0.289 | 0.074 | 0.101 | 0.160 | 0.138 | –0.037 | 0.105 | 0.104 | 0.152 |
Agriculture | –2.016*** | 0.195 | 0.275 | 0.275 | 0.123 | 0.207 | –0.306 | 0.263 | ||||
Health and welfare | 0.055 | 0.281 | 1.598*** | 0.123 | –1.443*** | 0.140 | 0.206* | 0.119 | –0.201 | 0.130 | ||
Services | –0.321* | 0.187 | 0.231 | 0.249 | –0.257* | 0.146 | 0.400** | 0.185 | 0.110 | 0.121 | –0.083 | 0.150 |
Observations | 430 | 944 | 1, 419 | |||||||||
Sex | 0.082 | 0.108 | 0.844*** | 0.153 | –0.060 | 0.175 | ||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General | ||||||||||||
programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.011 | 0.043 | 0.064 | 0.051 | –0.306** | 0.155 | 0.483*** | 0.165 | –0.604*** | 0.104 | 0.999*** | 0.120 |
Arts and humanities | –0.133** | 0.056 | 0.111* | 0.066 | –0.173** | 0.087 | 0.191* | 0.112 | –0.126 | 0.115 | 0.30** | 0.128 |
Business | –0.027 | 0.034 | 0.021 | 0.042 | –0.057 | 0.080 | 0.102 | 0.100 | 0.091 | 0.056 | –0.017 | 0.068 |
Natural sciences | 0.064 | 0.053 | 0.081 | 0.064 | –0.217 | 0.184 | 0.231 | 0.213 | 0.077 | 0.137 | 0.095 | 0.153 |
ICT | –0.175*** | 0.041 | –0.105 | 0.098 | –0.112 | 0.090 | 0.212 | 0.140 | ||||
Engineering | –0.086** | 0.035 | 0.175*** | 0.048 | –0.188** | 0.081 | 0.091 | 0.107 | –0.172*** | 0.063 | 0.091 | 0.082 |
Agriculture | 0.044 | 0.097 | –0.018 | 0.113 | 0.276* | 0.161 | –0.197 | 0.184 | 0.076 | 0.097 | 0.038 | 0.174 |
Health and welfare | 0.015 | 0.055 | –0.125** | 0.061 | –0.130 | 0.091 | 0.076 | 0.100 | –0.031 | 0.139 | –0.019 | 0.142 |
Services | 0.103** | 0.049 | 0.034 | 0.063 | 0.074 | 0.091 | 0.032 | 0.132 | 0.000 | 0.084 | 0.168 | 0.128 |
Observations | 5,747 | 1,0 ,063 | 1, 641 | |||||||||
Sex | –0.176** | 0.090 | –0.105 | 0.181 | –0.088 | 0.134 | ||||||
Field of study | ||||||||||||
General programmes | ||||||||||||
Education | –0.142 | 0.106 | 0.065 | 0.135 | –0.083 | 0.176 | –0.090 | 0.220 | –0.149 | 0.107 | –0.075 | 0.125 |
Arts and humanities | –1.129*** | 0.110 | 1.429*** | 0.141 | 0.342 | 0.263 | –0.402 | 0.300 | –0.105 | 0.078 | –0.007 | 0.097 |
Business | –0.140* | 0.078 | 0.425*** | 0.109 | –0.077 | 0.161 | 0.079 | 0.194 | 0.002 | 0.075 | –0.089 | 0.095 |
Natural sciences | 0.336** | 0.146 | –0.086 | 0.177 | –0.105 | 0.211 | 0.183 | 0.278 | 0.005 | 0.084 | –0.016 | 0.108 |
ICT | –0.353*** | 0.128 | –0.225 | 0.170 | 0.118 | 0.257 | –0.129 | 0.088 | –0.194 | 0.147 | ||
Engineering | 0.287*** | 0.081 | –0.027 | 0.143 | –0.041 | 0.184 | –0.180 | 0.245 | 0.096 | 0.085 | 0.022 | 0.132 |
Agriculture | 0.237* | 0.133 | –0.080 | 0.219 | –0.335 | 0.243 | –0.071 | 0.370 | –0.386* | 0.211 | 0.340 | 0.249 |
Health and welfare | –0.028 | 0.154 | 0.215 | 0.155 | –0.263 | 0.209 | 0.162 | 0.226 | –0.163 | 0.109 | –0.115 | 0.121 |
Services | 0.139 | 0.101 | 0.191 | 0.191 | –0.232 | 0.256 | 0.183* | 0.105 | –0.277* | 0.143 | ||
Observations | 541 | 417 | 1,448 |
Overeducation measure: ISCO | Cross-country sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Base term | Interaction with sex (female = 1) | |||
ME | SE | ME | SE | |
Inverse mills ratio | 0.055*** | |||
Sex | 0.065 | |||
25 | −0.093* | −0.007 | ||
30 | −0.150*** | −0.042 | ||
Foreigner | 0.048*** | |||
Job variables | ||||
11−19 persons | −0.002 | |||
20−49 persons | −0.033** | |||
50 and more persons | −0.063*** | |||
Temporary contract | −0.004 | |||
Working hours (in 10 hours) | −0.072*** | |||
Tenure (in 10 years) | −0.051 | |||
Tenure squared (in 10 years) | 0.067*** | |||
Observations |