Minerals (mg/kg) | Rural site | Peri-urban site | SEM | p < 0.05 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium | 195.38 | 350.99 | 69.52 | 0.280 |
Phosphorus | 307.86 | 524.30 | 97.39 | 0.284 |
Sodium | 363.91 | 315.82 | 52.60 | 0.666 |
Potassium | 170.76 | 128.04 | 14.67 | 0.152 |
Magnesium | 53.39 | 39.20 | 10.89 | 0.536 |
Manganese | 19.11 | 18.83 | 1.52 | 0.931 |
Iron | 17.43 | 21.13 | 2.36 | 0.456 |
Zinc | 2.94 | 3.38 | 0.20 | 0.293 |
Copper | 1.63 | 1.67 | 0.23 | 0.928 |
Lead | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.310 |
Ca:P | 1.24 | 0.90 | 0.25 | 0.521 |
Na:K | 2.27 | 2.47 | 0.36 | 0.788 |
Ca:Mg | 6.46 | 9.27 | 1.48 | 0.364 |
K:Mg | 6.87 | 4.28 | 1.22 | 0.307 |
K:(Ca + Mg) | 0.88 | 0.59 | 0.16 | 0.386 |
(K + Na):Ca + Mg) | 2.56 | 1.93 | 0.40 | 0.448 |
Zn:Cu | 2.71 | 2.11 | 0.31 | 0.354 |
Fe:Cu | 22.92 | 14.43 | 6.17 | 0.514 |
1 | African Rosewood | Oha | 1 (10.00) | 2 (20.00) | 3 (15.00) | |
2 | African velvet tamarind | Icheku/Nchichi | 8 (80.00) | 5 (50.00) | 13 (65.00) | |
3 | Avocado | Ube Bekee | 5 (50.00) | 9 (90.00) | 14 (70.00) | |
4 | Bitter leaf | Onugbu | 3 (30.00) | 1 (10.00) | 4 (20.00) | |
5 | Wild cane | Okpete | 3 (30.00) | - | 3 (15.00) | |
6 | Caesar weed | Udo | 2 (20.00) | - | 2 (10.00) | |
7 | Cassava | Akpu | 2 (20.00) | 4 (40.00) | 6 (30.00) | |
8 | Elephant grass | Achara nwakita | 3 (30.00) | 3 (15.00) | ||
9 | Gmelina | Melina | 1 (10.00) | - | 1 (5.00) | |
10 | Guava | Gova | 1 (10.00) | 5 (50.00) | 6 (30.00) | |
11 | Seam weed (Eliza) | Awolowo | 2 (20.00) | - | 2 (10.00) | |
12 | African rosewood | Oha Nturukpa | 1 (10.00) | 10 (100.00) | 11 (55.00) | |
13 | Palm fronds | Igu Nkwu | 10 (100.00) | 10 (100.00) | 20 (100.00) | |
14 | African pear | Ube | 2 (20.00) | - | 2 (10.00) | |
15 | Banana/plantain | Abirica/Une | 1 (10.00) | 9 (90.00) | 10 (50.00) | |
16 | Hemorrhage plant | Oranjila | 4 (40.00) | 6 (60.00) | 10 (50.00) | |
17 | Indian bamboo | Ekwe achara | - | 10(100.00) | 10 (50.00) | |
18 | Breadfruit | Ukwa | - | 5 (50.00) | 5 (25.00) | |
19 | Kola | Oji | - | 4 (40.00) | 4 (20.00) | |
20 | Atumkpiri | - | 4 (40.00) | 4 (20.00) | ||
21 | African plum | Njikara | - | 2 (20.00) | 2 (10.00) | |
22 | Mpupu | 1 (10.00) | - | 1 (5.00) | ||
23 | Achara field | 1 (10.00) | - | 1 (5.00) | ||
Total | 18 | 15 | 23 |
1 | 10 | 10 | |
2 | - | 10 | |
3 | - | 9 | |
4 | 5 | 9 | |
5 | - | 9 | |
6 | 8 | 5 | |
7 | 4 | 8 | |
8 | 3 | - | |
9 | 3 | - | |
10 | 3 | - | |
Total | 7 | 7 |
Forage plant | Ca:P | Na:K | Ca:Mg | K:Mg | K:(Ca + Mg) | (K + Na): Ca + Mg) | Zn:Cu | Fe:Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.83 | 3.17 | 8.98 | 5.44 | 0.55 | 2.27 | 0.80 | 3.01 | |
0.87 | 1.95 | 4.80 | 7.90 | 1.36 | 4.02 | 3.28 | 19.74 | |
0.31 | 4.17 | 5.50 | 2.79 | 0.43 | 2.22 | 3.37 | 19.82 | |
2.08 | 4.06 | 13.96 | 12.77 | 0.85 | 4.32 | 1.73 | 8.08 | |
0.37 | 0.67 | 6.37 | 15.96 | 2.17 | 3.61 | 4.73 | 94.66 | |
1.77 | 0.75 | 4.92 | 2.66 | 0.45 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 2.59 | |
0.43 | 1.13 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.71 | 4.16 | 12.54 | |
Minimum | 0.31 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 2.59 |
Maximum | 2.83 | 4.06 | 13.97 | 12.77 | 2.17 | 4.47 | 4.16 | 94.66 |
Mean | 1.24 | 2.27 | 6.46 | 6.87 | 0.88 | 2.56 | 2.71 | 22.92 |
SD | 0.99 | 1.52 | 4.13 | 5.70 | 0.67 | 1.48 | 1.57 | 34.41 |
1.71 | 4.56 | 18.65 | 9.84 | 0.50 | 2.78 | 1.71 | 9.44 | |
0.45 | 3.63 | 7.51 | 2.47 | 0.29 | 1.35 | 3.31 | 21.91 | |
0.30 | 1.17 | 10.49 | 3.06 | 0.27 | 0.58 | 1.68 | 5.32 | |
0.24 | 1.64 | 3.01 | 5.43 | 1.35 | 3.58 | 2.23 | 9.94 | |
2.65 | 2.56 | 17.98 | 1.97 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 1.72 | 17.23 | |
0.66 | 1.64 | 3.86 | 1.47 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 2.12 | 27.07 | |
0.27 | 2.12 | 3.41 | 5.72 | 1.31 | 4.08 | 1.98 | 10.12 | |
Minimum | 0.30 | 1.17 | 3.01 | 1.47 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 1.68 | 5.32 |
Maximum | 2.65 | 4.56 | 18.65 | 9.84 | 1.35 | 4.08 | 3.31 | 27.07 |
Mean | 0.90 | 2.47 | 9.28 | 2.28 | 0.59 | 1.93 | 2.11 | 14.43 |
SD | 0.93 | 1.22 | 6.72 | 2.95 | 0.52 | 1.52 | 0.57 | 7.85 |
Forage plant | DM | CP | EE | CF | TA | NFE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
85.29 | 5.96 | 2.18 | 19.84 | 11.64 | 45.67 | |
89.35 | 9.04 | 1.85 | 8.66 | 9.42 | 60.02 | |
86.78 | 8.74 | 2.01 | 20.74 | 10.16 | 45.13 | |
87.24 | 13.63 | 5.73 | 10.74 | 14.37 | 47.77 | |
87.47 | 15.17 | 4.96 | 6.94 | 10.35 | 50.05 | |
85.81 | 9.11 | 1.98 | 22.28 | 9.21 | 43.23 | |
86.85 | 9.00 | 1.66 | 13.53 | 9.05 | 53.57 | |
Minimum | 85.81 | 5.96 | 1.66 | 6.94 | 9.05 | 43.23 |
Maximum | 89.35 | 15.17 | 5.73 | 22.28 | 14.37 | 60.02 |
Mean | 86.97 | 10.09 | 2.91 | 14.67 | 10.60 | 49.35 |
SD | 1.30 | 3.17 | 1.68 | 6.25 | 1.88 | 5.82 |
88.64 | 14.06 | 6.11 | 9.95 | 8.56 | 49.96 | |
86.35 | 9.12 | 2.25 | 19.71 | 9.61 | 45.66 | |
87.94 | 9.09 | 1.47 | 26.15 | 11.87 | 38.85 | |
88.46 | 10.14 | 2.04 | 10.16 | 10.34 | 55.78 | |
87.35 | 5.97 | 0.96 | 22.65 | 5.15 | 52.62 | |
86.86 | 10.86 | 3.85 | 10.15 | 8.33 | 53.67 | |
89.04 | 9.61 | 2.18 | 17.69 | 10.02 | 49.54 | |
Minimum | 86.35 | 5.97 | 0.96 | 9.95 | 5.15 | 38.85 |
Maximum | 89.04 | 14.06 | 6.11 | 26.15 | 11.87 | 55.78 |
Mean | 87.80 | 9.83 | 2.69 | 16.64 | 9.12 | 49.44 |
SD | 0.99 | 2.42 | 1.75 | 6.65 | 2.11 | 7.70 |
Forage plant | Ca | P | Na | K | Mg | Mn | Fe | Zn | Cu | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
211.64 | 74.68 | 406.75 | 128.16 | 23.58 | 6.85 | 10.64 | 2.84 | 3.54 | 0.00 | |
116.86 | 133.74 | 375.37 | 192.66 | 24.37 | 14.18 | 21.52 | 3.58 | 1.09 | 0.03 | |
341.72 | 1108.57 | 724.17 | 173.59 | 62.18 | 27.22 | 21.21 | 3.60 | 1.07 | 0.51 | |
165.65 | 79.55 | 615.98 | 151.56 | 11.87 | 19.64 | 12.60 | 2.71 | 1.56 | 0.08 | |
116.18 | 317.62 | 194.51 | 291.35 | 18.25 | 17.85 | 38.81 | 1.94 | 0.41 | 0.00 | |
299.76 | 168.94 | 121.85 | 161.64 | 60.88 | 25.91 | 7.69 | 2.74 | 2.96 | 0.01 | |
115.87 | 271.92 | 108.72 | 96.37 | 172.63 | 22.11 | 9.53 | 3.16 | 0.76 | 0.01 | |
Minimum | 115.87 | 74.68 | 108.72 | 96.37 | 11.87 | 6.85 | 7.69 | 1.94 | 0.41 | 0.00 |
Maximum | 341.72 | 1108.57 | 724.17 | 291.35 | 172.63 | 27.22 | 38.81 | 3.60 | 3.54 | 0.51 |
Mean | 195.38 | 307.86 | 363.91 | 170.76 | 53.38 | 19.11 | 17.43 | 2.94 | 1.63 | 0.09 |
SD | 93.29 | 363.84 | 240.73 | 61.68 | 56.33 | 7.04 | 10.91 | 0.58 | 1.17 | 0.19 |
202.76 | 118.72 | 486.85 | 106.86 | 10.87 | 15.26 | 17.47 | 3.16 | 1.85 | 0.09 | |
418.61 | 928.46 | 500.84 | 137.93 | 55.76 | 19.53 | 23.44 | 3.54 | 1.07 | 0.51 | |
328.76 | 1108.14 | 111.76 | 95.85 | 31.33 | 22.32 | 10.06 | 3.17 | 1.89 | 1.06 | |
99.67 | 412.65 | 295.16 | 179.64 | 33.10 | 19.40 | 20.17 | 4.52 | 2.03 | 0.01 | |
1105.11 | 416.86 | 310.74 | 121.20 | 61.46 | 26.20 | 31.53 | 3.15 | 1.83 | 0.17 | |
194.22 | 292.81 | 121.76 | 74.19 | 50.31 | 12.66 | 23.28 | 1.82 | 0.86 | 0.00 | |
107.83 | 392.47 | 383.63 | 180.64 | 31.57 | 16.42 | 21.95 | 4.29 | 2.17 | 0.02 | |
Minimum | 99.67 | 118.72 | 111.76 | 74.19 | 10.87 | 12.66 | 10.06 | 1.82 | 0.86 | 0.00 |
Maximum | 1105.11 | 1108.14 | 500.84 | 180.64 | 61.46 | 26.20 | 31.53 | 4.52 | 2.17 | 1.06 |
Mean | 350.99 | 524.30 | 315.82 | 128.04 | 39.20 | 18.83 | 21.13 | 3.38 | 1.69 | 0.26 |
SD | 351.80 | 356.76 | 156.97 | 40.74 | 17.57 | 4.54 | 6.53 | 0.89 | 0.50 | 0.39 |
Proximate parameter (%) | Rural site | Peri-urban site | SEM | p < 0.05 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter | 86.97 | 87.80 | 0.32 | 0.202 |
Crude protein | 10.09 | 9.83 | 0.72 | 0.867 |
Ether extract | 2.91 | 2.69 | 0.44 | 0.818 |
Crude fiber | 14.67 | 16.64 | 1.68 | 0.580 |
Total ash | 10.60 | 9.12 | 0.55 | 0.193 |
Nitrogen-free extract | 49.35 | 49.44 | 1.48 | 0.977 |
1 | 7 (38.89) | 1 (6.67) | 8 (24.24) |
2 | 4 (22.22) | 1 (6.67) | 5 (15.15) |
3 | 3 (16.67) | - | 3 (9.09) |
4 | 1 (5.56) | 4 (26.67) | 5 (15.15) |
5 | 1 (5.56) | 3 (20.00) | 4 (12.12) |
6 | - | 1 (6.67) | 1 (3.03) |
7 | - | - | - |
8 | 1 (5.56) | - | 1 (3.03) |
9 | - | 2 (13.33) | 2 (6.06) |
10 | 1 (5.56) | 3 (20.00) | 4 (12.12) |
1 | Leaves | 1 (10.00) | - | 1 (4.55) | |
2 | Seeds | 8 (80.00) | 5 (41.67) | 13 (59.09) | |
3 | Fruits | 5 (50.00) | 9 (75.00) | 14 (63.64) | |
4 | Leaves | 3 (30.00) | 1 (8.33) | 4 (18.18) | |
5 | Tuber | 2 (20.00) | 4 (33.33) | (27.27) | |
6 | Fruits | 1 (10.00) | 5 (41.67) | 6 (27.27) | |
7 | Leave | 1 (10.00) | 10 (83.33) | 11 (50.00) | |
8 | Oil nuts | 10 (100.00) | 10 (83.33) | 20 (90.90) | |
9 | Fruits | 2 (20.00) | - | 2 (9.09) | |
10 | Fruits | 1 (10.00) | 9 (75.00) | 10 45.45) | |
11 | Seeds | - | 5 (41.67) | 5 (22.73) | |
12 | Nuts | - | 4(33.33) | 4 (18.18) | |
13 | Plum | - | 2 (16.67) | 2 (9.09) | |
14 | Leaves | - | 4 (33.33) | 4 (18.18) | |
Number and percentages of food bearing plants | 10 (55.56) | 12 (80.00) | 22 (66.67) |