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Forage Plants for Small Ruminant Feeding at Rural and Peri-Urban Sites in the Warm Humid Tropical Environment of Southeastern Nigeria

Ifeanyi Charles Okoli
Ifeanyi Charles Okoli
, 
Elijah Chinedu Odoemene
Elijah Chinedu Odoemene
, 
Charles Chiedozie Ezenwata
Charles Chiedozie Ezenwata
, 
Albert Uzochukwu Chinenye Ohanaka
Albert Uzochukwu Chinenye Ohanaka
 und 
Victor Udodirim Odoemelam
Victor Udodirim Odoemelam
   | 08. Aug. 2024
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Online veröffentlicht: 08. Aug. 2024
Seitenbereich: 43 - 56
Eingereicht: 23. Sept. 2023
Akzeptiert: 11. Juni 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/boku-2024-0005
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© 2024 Ifeanyi Charles Okoli et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Comparison of the relative mineral supplies for small ruminants at the rural and peri-urban sitesTabelle 9. Vergleich der relativen Mineralstoffversorgung für kleine Wiederkäuer an den ländlichen und stadtnahen Standorten

Minerals (mg/kg) Rural site Peri-urban site SEM p < 0.05
Calcium 195.38 350.99 69.52 0.280
Phosphorus 307.86 524.30 97.39 0.284
Sodium 363.91 315.82 52.60 0.666
Potassium 170.76 128.04 14.67 0.152
Magnesium 53.39 39.20 10.89 0.536
Manganese 19.11 18.83 1.52 0.931
Iron 17.43 21.13 2.36 0.456
Zinc 2.94 3.38 0.20 0.293
Copper 1.63 1.67 0.23 0.928
Lead 0.09 0.26 0.08 0.310
Ca:P 1.24 0.90 0.25 0.521
Na:K 2.27 2.47 0.36 0.788
Ca:Mg 6.46 9.27 1.48 0.364
K:Mg 6.87 4.28 1.22 0.307
K:(Ca + Mg) 0.88 0.59 0.16 0.386
(K + Na):Ca + Mg) 2.56 1.93 0.40 0.448
Zn:Cu 2.71 2.11 0.31 0.354
Fe:Cu 22.92 14.43 6.17 0.514

Diversity of forage plants used in feeding small ruminants by farmers at the rural and peri-urban sites in Imo stateTabelle 1. Vielfalt der Futterpflanzen, die von Landwirten in ländlichen und stadtnahen Gebieten im Bundesstaat Imo zur Fütterung kleiner Wiederkäuer verwendet werden

S/No. Forage plant English name Igbo name Frequency (%) in the rural site (n = 10) Frequency (%) in the peri-urban site (n = 10) Overall frequency (%) (n = 20)
1 Pterocarpus mildraedii African Rosewood Oha 1 (10.00) 2 (20.00) 3 (15.00)
2 Dialium guineense African velvet tamarind Icheku/Nchichi 8 (80.00) 5 (50.00) 13 (65.00)
3 Persea americana Avocado Ube Bekee 5 (50.00) 9 (90.00) 14 (70.00)
4 Vernonia amygdalina Bitter leaf Onugbu 3 (30.00) 1 (10.00) 4 (20.00)
5 Costus afer Wild cane Okpete 3 (30.00) - 3 (15.00)
6 Urena lobate Caesar weed Udo 2 (20.00) - 2 (10.00)
7 Manihot esculanta Cassava Akpu 2 (20.00) 4 (40.00) 6 (30.00)
8 Pannisetum purpureum Elephant grass Achara nwakita 3 (30.00) 3 (15.00)
9 Gmelina abore Gmelina Melina 1 (10.00) - 1 (5.00)
10 Psidium guajava Guava Gova 1 (10.00) 5 (50.00) 6 (30.00)
11 Chromlaena odorata Seam weed (Eliza) Awolowo 2 (20.00) - 2 (10.00)
12 Pterocarpus santalinoides African rosewood Oha Nturukpa 1 (10.00) 10 (100.00) 11 (55.00)
13 Eleasia guineensis Palm fronds Igu Nkwu 10 (100.00) 10 (100.00) 20 (100.00)
14 Dacryodes edulis African pear Ube 2 (20.00) - 2 (10.00)
15 Musa acuminata/paradisiaca Banana/plantain Abirica/Une 1 (10.00) 9 (90.00) 10 (50.00)
16 Aspilia africana Hemorrhage plant Oranjila 4 (40.00) 6 (60.00) 10 (50.00)
17 Bambusa tulda Indian bamboo Ekwe achara - 10(100.00) 10 (50.00)
18 Treculia africana Breadfruit Ukwa - 5 (50.00) 5 (25.00)
19 Kola nitida Kola Oji - 4 (40.00) 4 (20.00)
20 Microdesmus puberula Atumkpiri - 4 (40.00) 4 (20.00)
21 Spondia mombin African plum Njikara - 2 (20.00) 2 (10.00)
22 Mpupu 1 (10.00) - 1 (5.00)
23 Achara field 1 (10.00) - 1 (5.00)
Total 18 15 23

List of the seven most commonly identified forage plants for feeding small ruminants at rural and peri-urban sites in Imo stateTabelle 4. Liste der sieben am häufigsten identifizierten Futterpflanzen für die Fütterung kleiner Wiederkäuer an ländlichen und stadtnahen Stand-orten im Bundesstaat Imo

S/No. Forage plant Frequency at the rural site Frequency at the peri-urban site
1 Eleasia guineensis 10 10
2 Pterocarpus santalinoides - 10
3 Musa acuminata/paradisiaca - 9
4 Persea americana 5 9
5 Bambusa tulda - 9
6 Dialium guineense 8 5
7 Aspilia africana 4 8
8 Vernonia amygdalina 3 -
9 Pannisetum purpureum 3 -
10 Costus afer 3 -
Total 7 7

Mean mineral ratios in the preferred forage plants at the sitesTabelle 7. Mittlere Mineralstoffverhältnisse in den bevorzugten Futterpflanzen an den Standorten

Forage plant Ca:P Na:K Ca:Mg K:Mg K:(Ca + Mg) (K + Na): Ca + Mg) Zn:Cu Fe:Cu
Rural site
Eleasia guineensis 2.83 3.17 8.98 5.44 0.55 2.27 0.80 3.01
Dialium guineense 0.87 1.95 4.80 7.90 1.36 4.02 3.28 19.74
Persea americana 0.31 4.17 5.50 2.79 0.43 2.22 3.37 19.82
Aspilia africana 2.08 4.06 13.96 12.77 0.85 4.32 1.73 8.08
Veronia amygdalina 0.37 0.67 6.37 15.96 2.17 3.61 4.73 94.66
Pannisetum purpureum 1.77 0.75 4.92 2.66 0.45 0.79 0.93 2.59
Costus afer 0.43 1.13 0.67 0.56 0.33 0.71 4.16 12.54
Minimum 0.31 0.67 0.67 0.56 0.33 0.71 0.80 2.59
Maximum 2.83 4.06 13.97 12.77 2.17 4.47 4.16 94.66
Mean 1.24 2.27 6.46 6.87 0.88 2.56 2.71 22.92
SD 0.99 1.52 4.13 5.70 0.67 1.48 1.57 34.41
Peri-urban site
Pterocarpus santalinoides 1.71 4.56 18.65 9.84 0.50 2.78 1.71 9.44
Eleasia guineensis 0.45 3.63 7.51 2.47 0.29 1.35 3.31 21.91
Musa paradisiaca 0.30 1.17 10.49 3.06 0.27 0.58 1.68 5.32
Bambusa tulda 0.24 1.64 3.01 5.43 1.35 3.58 2.23 9.94
Aspilia africana 2.65 2.56 17.98 1.97 0.10 0.37 1.72 17.23
Persea americana 0.66 1.64 3.86 1.47 0.30 0.80 2.12 27.07
Dialium guineense 0.27 2.12 3.41 5.72 1.31 4.08 1.98 10.12
Minimum 0.30 1.17 3.01 1.47 0.10 0.37 1.68 5.32
Maximum 2.65 4.56 18.65 9.84 1.35 4.08 3.31 27.07
Mean 0.90 2.47 9.28 2.28 0.59 1.93 2.11 14.43
SD 0.93 1.22 6.72 2.95 0.52 1.52 0.57 7.85

Proximate compositions (g/100 g) of the mostly commonly identified forage plants at the study sitesTabelle 5. Näherungszusammensetzung (g/100 g) der am häufigsten identifizierten Futterpflanzen an den Untersuchungsstandorten

Forage plant DM CP EE CF TA NFE
Rural site
Eleasia guineensis 85.29 5.96 2.18 19.84 11.64 45.67
Dialium guineense 89.35 9.04 1.85 8.66 9.42 60.02
Persea americana 86.78 8.74 2.01 20.74 10.16 45.13
Aspilia africana 87.24 13.63 5.73 10.74 14.37 47.77
Veronia amygdalina 87.47 15.17 4.96 6.94 10.35 50.05
Pannisetum purpureum 85.81 9.11 1.98 22.28 9.21 43.23
Costus afer 86.85 9.00 1.66 13.53 9.05 53.57
Minimum 85.81 5.96 1.66 6.94 9.05 43.23
Maximum 89.35 15.17 5.73 22.28 14.37 60.02
Mean 86.97 10.09 2.91 14.67 10.60 49.35
SD 1.30 3.17 1.68 6.25 1.88 5.82
Peri-urban site
Pterocarpus santalinoides 88.64 14.06 6.11 9.95 8.56 49.96
Eleasia guineensis 86.35 9.12 2.25 19.71 9.61 45.66
Musa paradisiaca 87.94 9.09 1.47 26.15 11.87 38.85
Bambusa tulda 88.46 10.14 2.04 10.16 10.34 55.78
Aspilia africana 87.35 5.97 0.96 22.65 5.15 52.62
Persea americana 86.86 10.86 3.85 10.15 8.33 53.67
Dialium guineense 89.04 9.61 2.18 17.69 10.02 49.54
Minimum 86.35 5.97 0.96 9.95 5.15 38.85
Maximum 89.04 14.06 6.11 26.15 11.87 55.78
Mean 87.80 9.83 2.69 16.64 9.12 49.44
SD 0.99 2.42 1.75 6.65 2.11 7.70

Mineral concentrations (mg/kg) in the most commonly identified forage plants at the study sitesTabelle 6. Mineralstoffkonzentrationen (mg/kg) in den am häufigsten identifizierten Futterpflanzen an den Untersuchungsstandorten

Forage plant Ca P Na K Mg Mn Fe Zn Cu Pb
Rural site
Eleasia guineensis 211.64 74.68 406.75 128.16 23.58 6.85 10.64 2.84 3.54 0.00
Dialium guineense 116.86 133.74 375.37 192.66 24.37 14.18 21.52 3.58 1.09 0.03
Persea americana 341.72 1108.57 724.17 173.59 62.18 27.22 21.21 3.60 1.07 0.51
Aspilia africana 165.65 79.55 615.98 151.56 11.87 19.64 12.60 2.71 1.56 0.08
Veronia amygdalina 116.18 317.62 194.51 291.35 18.25 17.85 38.81 1.94 0.41 0.00
Pannisetum purpureum 299.76 168.94 121.85 161.64 60.88 25.91 7.69 2.74 2.96 0.01
Costus afer 115.87 271.92 108.72 96.37 172.63 22.11 9.53 3.16 0.76 0.01
Minimum 115.87 74.68 108.72 96.37 11.87 6.85 7.69 1.94 0.41 0.00
Maximum 341.72 1108.57 724.17 291.35 172.63 27.22 38.81 3.60 3.54 0.51
Mean 195.38 307.86 363.91 170.76 53.38 19.11 17.43 2.94 1.63 0.09
SD 93.29 363.84 240.73 61.68 56.33 7.04 10.91 0.58 1.17 0.19
Peri-urban site
Pterocarpus santalinoides 202.76 118.72 486.85 106.86 10.87 15.26 17.47 3.16 1.85 0.09
Eleasia guineensis 418.61 928.46 500.84 137.93 55.76 19.53 23.44 3.54 1.07 0.51
Musa paradisiaca 328.76 1108.14 111.76 95.85 31.33 22.32 10.06 3.17 1.89 1.06
Bambusa tulda 99.67 412.65 295.16 179.64 33.10 19.40 20.17 4.52 2.03 0.01
Aspilia africana 1105.11 416.86 310.74 121.20 61.46 26.20 31.53 3.15 1.83 0.17
Persea americana 194.22 292.81 121.76 74.19 50.31 12.66 23.28 1.82 0.86 0.00
Dialium guineense 107.83 392.47 383.63 180.64 31.57 16.42 21.95 4.29 2.17 0.02
Minimum 99.67 118.72 111.76 74.19 10.87 12.66 10.06 1.82 0.86 0.00
Maximum 1105.11 1108.14 500.84 180.64 61.46 26.20 31.53 4.52 2.17 1.06
Mean 350.99 524.30 315.82 128.04 39.20 18.83 21.13 3.38 1.69 0.26
SD 351.80 356.76 156.97 40.74 17.57 4.54 6.53 0.89 0.50 0.39

Comparison of the relative nutrient supplies for small ruminants at the rural and peri-urban sitesTabelle 8. Vergleich der relativen Nährstoffzufuhr für kleine Wiederkäuer an den ländlichen und stadtnahen Standorten

Proximate parameter (%) Rural site Peri-urban site SEM p < 0.05
Dry matter 86.97 87.80 0.32 0.202
Crude protein 10.09 9.83 0.72 0.867
Ether extract 2.91 2.69 0.44 0.818
Crude fiber 14.67 16.64 1.68 0.580
Total ash 10.60 9.12 0.55 0.193
Nitrogen-free extract 49.35 49.44 1.48 0.977

The frequency of occurrence of forage plants used in feeding small ruminants at the rural and peri-urban sitesTabelle 2. Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Futterpflanzen, die zur Fütterung kleiner Wiederkäuer in ländlichen und stadtnahen Gebieten verwendet werden

Number of occurrence Frequency (%) in rural sites (n =18) Frequency (%) in peri-urban sites (n = 15) Overall frequency (%) (n = 33)
1 7 (38.89) 1 (6.67) 8 (24.24)
2 4 (22.22) 1 (6.67) 5 (15.15)
3 3 (16.67) - 3 (9.09)
4 1 (5.56) 4 (26.67) 5 (15.15)
5 1 (5.56) 3 (20.00) 4 (12.12)
6 - 1 (6.67) 1 (3.03)
7 - - -
8 1 (5.56) - 1 (3.03)
9 - 2 (13.33) 2 (6.06)
10 1 (5.56) 3 (20.00) 4 (12.12)
Total 18 15 33

Distribution of food-bearing plants used as forage for small ruminants by farmers at the rural and peri-urban sites in Imo stateTabelle 3. Verteilung der Futterpflanzen, die von Landwirten in ländlichen und stadtnahen Gebieten im Bundesstaat Imo als Futter für kleine Wiederkäuer verwendet werden.

S/N Food-bearing plants Part used as food Frequency (%) at the rural sites (n = 10) Frequency (%) at the peri-urban sites (n = 12) Overall frequency (%) (n = 22)
1 Pterocarpus mildraedii Leaves 1 (10.00) - 1 (4.55)
2 Dialium guineense Seeds 8 (80.00) 5 (41.67) 13 (59.09)
3 Persea americana Fruits 5 (50.00) 9 (75.00) 14 (63.64)
4 Vernonia amygdalina Leaves 3 (30.00) 1 (8.33) 4 (18.18)
5 Manihot esculanta Tuber 2 (20.00) 4 (33.33) (27.27)
6 Psidium guajava Fruits 1 (10.00) 5 (41.67) 6 (27.27)
7 Pterocarpus santalinoides Leave 1 (10.00) 10 (83.33) 11 (50.00)
8 Eleasia guineensis Oil nuts 10 (100.00) 10 (83.33) 20 (90.90)
9 Dacryodes edulis Fruits 2 (20.00) - 2 (9.09)
10 Musa acuminata/paradisiaca Fruits 1 (10.00) 9 (75.00) 10 45.45)
11 Treculia africana Seeds - 5 (41.67) 5 (22.73)
12 Kola nitida Nuts - 4(33.33) 4 (18.18)
13 Spondia mombin Plum - 2 (16.67) 2 (9.09)
14 Microdesmus puberula Leaves - 4 (33.33) 4 (18.18)
Number and percentages of food bearing plants 10 (55.56) 12 (80.00) 22 (66.67)
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