Characteristic | N | Wave 1 |
CI | N | Wave 2 |
CI | N | Wave 3 |
CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vision | |||||||||
Blind | *290 | 65.2 | .67-.72 | 146 | 23.9 | .12-.38 | *211 | 59.7 | .52-.66 |
Vis. Impaired | *723 | 46.2 | .42-.50 | *146 | 17.5 | .12-.25 | *716 | 37.6 | .34-.41 |
Age | |||||||||
7-9 (8-10) 11-12 | 267 | 42.3 | 3.7-5.0 | 48 | 20.8 | .10-.36 | 237 | 39.2 | .32-.45 |
10-12(11-13) 13-14 | 366 | 46.7 | .46-.40 | 77 | 19.5 | .09-.28 | 288 | 39.6 | .33-.44 |
13-14(14-16) 15-17 | 105 | 50.5 | .40-.61 | 29 | 13.8 | .01-.31 | 228 | 36.4 | .30-.43 |
Grade | |||||||||
Ungraded | 58 | 60.3 | .47-.73 | 10 | 20.0 | -.14--.64 | 70 | 35.7 | .21-.44 |
1-3(1-4) 1-5 | 170 | 42.4 | .35-.50 | 37 | 16.2 | .04-.30 | 99 | 41.4 | .33-.53 |
4-5 (5-6) 6-8 | 267 | 46.1 | .40-.52 | 60 | 25.0 | .13-.36 | 374 | 39.8 | .34-.44 |
6&up 7&up 9-12 | 208 | 44.2 | .37-.51 | 40 | 15.0 | .02-. 24 | 210 | 35.7 | .29-.43 |
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 447 | 43.4 | .38-.48 | 86 | 21.1 | .12-.31 | 467 | 36.4 | .31-.40 |
Female | 291 | 49.1 | .43-.55 | 68 | 14.7 | .07-.26 | 286 | 42.0 | .36-.47 |
Ethnicity | |||||||||
White | *468 | 48.1 | .43-.53 | 103 | 19.4 | .11-.27 | 483 | 38.9 | .34-.43 |
African American | *126 | 40.5 | .33-.51 | 30 | 30.0 | .13-.49 | 122 | 36.1 | .28-.45 |
Hispanic | *113 | 48.7 | .38-.57 | 14 | 0 | - | 112 | 42.0 | .32-.51 |
Other | *30 | 20.0 | .52-.38 | 6 | 0 | - | 35 | 28.6 | .14-.47 |
Income | |||||||||
25,000 and under | 253 | 42.7 | .37-.49 | 64 | 20.3 | .12-.34 | 236 | 36.4 | .30-.42 |
25,001-50,000 | 213 | 48.8 | .42-.56 | 34 | 17.6 | .05-.34 | 193 | 38.3 | .31-.45 |
Over 50,000 | 232 | 44.8 | .39-.52 | 55 | 18.2 | .05-.27 | 308 | 39.6 | ,34-.45 |
Urbanicity | |||||||||
Rural | *33 | 39.4 | .22-.57 | 9 | 22.2 | -.17-.73 | *81 | 40.7 | .30-.52 |
Suburban | *309 | 40.1 | .35-.46 | 59 | 15.3 | .06-.26 | *327 | 30.3 | .25-.35 |
Urban | *267 | 51.5 | .45-.56 | 151 | 17.9 | .12-.31 | *340 | 45.6 | .39-.50 |
# of Disabilities | |||||||||
0 | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 50.0 | .07-1.07 | |
1 | 248 | 44.0 | .37-.50 | 45 | 24.4 | .11-.38 | 345 | 40.6 | .35-.45 |
2 | 175 | 49.1 | .42-.58 | 28 | 14.3 | .00-.28 | 174 | 30.5 | .22-36 |
3 | 107 | 45.8 | .35-.55 | 22 | 9.1 | -.04-.22 | 113 | 40.7 | .31-.50 |
4 | 83 | 39.8 | .27-.50 | 24 | 20.8 | .03-.38 | 68 | 44.1 | .31-.56 |
5 | 68 | 1.5 | .42-.67 | 14 | 14.3 | -.07-.35 | 24 | 37.5 | .18-.61 |
6 | 33 | 42.4 | .22-.60 | 9 | 22.2 | -.12-.56 | 15 | 26.7 | .01-.52 |
7 | 16 | 31.3 | .01-.52 | 2 | 0 | - | 4 | 75.0 | .05-1.55 |
8 | 4 | 75.0 | .46-1.55 | 1 | 0 | - | 3 | 33.3 | 1.10-1.77 |
9 | 2 | 50.0 | 5.85-6.85 | 1 | 0 | - | 1 | 100 | - |
10 | 2 | 100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Both | Wave 1 | Wave 3 | None | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
w1 - w3 | w1 - w3 | w1 - w3 | w1 -w3 | ||
Travel Using Sighted Guide: Familiar Locations | |||||
Not Very Well | 1.2 - 8.4 | 7.1 - 8.4 | 0 - 0 | 4.5 - 0 | |
Pretty Well | 19.8 - 14.5 | 35.7 - 16.7 | 0 - 15.8 | 22.7 - 22.6 | |
Very Well | 79 - 77.1 | 57.1 - 75.0 | 100 - 84.2 | 72.7 - 77.4 | |
n | 81 83 | 28 12 | 7 19 | 22 21 | |
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 8.92 p = .178 | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 5.24, p = .514 | ||||
Travel Indoors: Rotely Learned Routes | |||||
Not Very Well | 5.1 - 4.6 | 9.4 - 4.0 | 0-6.7 | 3.8-1.4 | |
Pretty Well | 28.3 - 30.6 | 18.8-16.0 | 7.7-6.7 | 17-11.3 | |
Very Well | 66.7 - 64.8 | 71.9-80.0 | 92.3 - 86.7 | 79.2 - 87.3 | |
n | 99 108 | 32 25 | 13 30 | 53 71 | |
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 7.18 p = .304 | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 16.91 p = .010* | ||||
Travel to Other Areas: Other Learned Routes | |||||
Not Very Well | 13.4 - 12.4 | 20.0 - 7.7 | 0 - 6.9 | 7.8 - 4.4 | |
Pretty Well | 32.0 - 34.0 | 13.3 - 19.2 | 28.6 - 20.7 | 15.7 - 14.7 | |
Very Well | 54.6 - 53.6 | 66.7 - 73.1 | 71.4-72.4 | 76.5 - 80.9 | |
n | 97 97 | 30 26 | 14 29 | 51 68 | |
Wave 1, X2(6) = 12.36, p = .054 | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 14.64 p = .023* | ||||
Create New Routes: Familiar Places Indoors | |||||
Not Very Well | 27.3 - 28.7 | 15.6 - 12.0 | 6.3 - 13.3 | 18.5 - 9.5 | |
Pretty Well | 38.6 - 33.0 | 40.6 - 32.0 | 25.0 - 6.7 | 16.7 - 20.3 | |
Very Well | 34.1 - 38.3 | 43.8 - 56.0 | 68.8 - 80.0 | 64.8 - 70.3 | |
n | 88 94 | 32 25 | 16 30 | 54 74 | |
Wave 1, X2(6) = 18.51, p = 005* | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 28.12 p = .000* | ||||
Execute Route within Building with Verbal Directions | |||||
Not Very Well | 36.0 - 32.2 | 23.1 - 12.5 | 6.7 - 11.1 | 27.5 - 17.8 | |
Pretty Well | 25.6 - 33.3 | 34.6 - 50.0 | 40.0 - 25.9 | 17.6 - 19.2 | |
Very Well | 38.4 - 34.4 | 42.3 - 37.5 | 53.3 - 63.0 | 54.9 - 63.0 | |
n | 86 90 | 26 24 | 15 27 | 51 73 | |
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 9.87 9.87, p = .130 | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 22.43 p = .001* | ||||
Execute Route in another Building with Directions | |||||
Not Very Well | 30.8 - 41.6 | 42.9 - 21.7 | 14.3 - 11.12.2010 28.6 - 44.4 | 16.0 - 21.7 | |
Pretty Well | 28.2 - 35.1 | 14.3 - 52.2 | 16.0 - 17.4 | ||
Very Well | 41.0 - 23.4 | 42.9 - 26.1 | 57.1 - 44.4 | 68.0 - 60.9 | |
n | 39 77 | 14 23 | 7 27 | 25 69 | |
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 7.05, p = .316 | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 32.24 p = .000* | ||||
Locate Unfamiliar Place by Numbering System | |||||
Not Very Well | 58.5 - 47.8 | 47.1 - 30.0 | 22.2 - 21.7 | 51.6 - 22.6 | |
Pretty Well | 30.2 - 32.8 | 23.5 - 40.0 | 33.3 - 47.8 | 16.1 - 15.1 | |
Very Well | 11.3 - 19.4 | 29.4 - 30.0 | 44.4 - 30.4 | 32.3 - 62.3 | |
n | 53 67 | 17 20 | 9 23 | 31 53 | |
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 10.30, p = .113 | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 29.69 p = .000* | ||||
Orient Self to Unfamiliar Room | |||||
Not Very Well | 31.9 - 30.5 | 44.1 - 8.0 | 6.7 - 3.3 | 8.1 - 10.5 | |
Pretty Well | 36.2 - 43.2 | 17.6 - 60.0 | 33.3 - 33.3 | 33.9 - 20.9 | |
Very Well | 31.9 - 26.3 | 38.2 - 32 | 60 - 63.3 | 58.1 - 68.6 | |
n | 94 95 | 34 25 | 15 30 | 62 86 | |
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 25.89, p = .000* | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 47.51 p = .000* | ||||
Solicit Help to Orient Self to Building | |||||
Not Very Well | 39.6 - 36.4 | 33.3 - 18.2 | 16.7 - 20.8 | 18.0 - 19.4 | |
Pretty Well | 25.3 - 33.0 | 33.3 - 40.9 | 50.0 - 16.7 | 32.0 - 20.8 | |
Very Well | 35.2 - 30.7 | 33.3 - 40.9 | 33.3 - 62.5 | 50.0 - 59.7 | |
n | 91 88 | 30 22 | 12 24 | 50 72 | |
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 10.40, p = .109 | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 19.00 p = .004* | ||||
Solicit Help to Orient Self to Campus or Workplace | |||||
Not Very Well | 66.7 - 42.9 | 45.5 - 16.7 | 20.0 - 16.7 | 31.3 - 18.4 | |
Pretty Well | 14.3 - 21.4 | 36.4 - 33.3 | 0 - 16.7 | 6.3 - 16.3 | |
Very Well | 19.0 - 35.7 | 18.2 - 50.0 | 80.0 - 66.7 | 62.5 - 65.3 | |
n | 21 56 | 11 12 | 5 18 | 16 49 | |
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 16.26, p = .012* | Wave 3, X2 (6) = 14.22 p = .027* |
X2(dF, N) | P | ||
---|---|---|---|
Wave 1 | Blindness | X2(1, N=290) = 73.276 | p = .000 |
Visual Impairment | X2(1, N=723) = 4.64 | p = .037 | |
Urbanicity | X2(2, N=609) = 9.334 | p = .009 | |
Ethnicity | X2(3, N=737) = 10.837 | p = .013 | |
Wave 2 | Visual Impairment | X2(1, N=146) = 4.716 | p. = .030 |
Wave 3 | Blindness | X2(1, N=211) = 55.653 | p = .000 |
Visual Impairment | X2(1, N=716) = 5.469 | p = .016 | |
Urbanicity | X2(2, N=748) = 16.745 | p = .000 |
Skill | O&M | -2 | % | -1 | % | 0 | % | 1 | % | 2 | % | missing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | no | 1 | 0.8 | 2 | 1.6 | 122 | ||||||
yes | 3 | 1.26 | 41 | 17.23 | 8 | 3.36 | 186 | |||||
2 | no | 2 | 1.6 | 18 | 14.4 | 2 | 1.6 | 1 | 0.8 | 102 | ||
yes | 10 | 4.20 | 55 | 23.11 | 15 | 6.30 | 158 | |||||
3 | no | 3 | 2.4 | 15 | 12 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.8 | 105 | ||
yes | 1 | 0.42 | 15 | 6.30 | 45 | 18.91 | 16 | 6.72 | 162 | |||
4 | no | 2 | 1.6 | 4 | 3.2 | 11 | 8.8 | 4 | 3.2 | 104 | ||
yes | 2 | 0.84 | 9 | 3.78 | 41 | 17.23 | 18 | 7.56 | 3 | 1.26 | 165 | |
5 | no | 4 | 3.2 | 12 | 9.6 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0.8 | 103 | ||
yes | 3 | 1.26 | 8 | 3.36 | 44 | 18.49 | 15 | 6.30 | 168 | |||
6 | no | 3 | 2.4 | 4 | 3.2 | 3 | 2.4 | 115 | ||||
yes | 1 | 0.42 | 8 | 3.36 | 12 | 5.04 | 4 | 1.68 | 2 | 0.84 | 211 | |
7 | no | 1 | 0.8 | 2 | 1.6 | 3 | 2.4 | 2 | 1.6 | 1 | 0.8 | 114 |
yes | 4 | 1.68 | 2 | 0.84 | 22 | 9.24 | 10 | 4.20 | 3 | 1.26 | 197 | |
8 | no | 4 | 3.2 | 5 | 4 | 16 | 12.8 | 8 | 6.4 | 1 | 0.8 | 91 |
yes | 2 | 0.84 | 21 | 8.82 | 31 | 13.03 | 19 | 7.98 | 3 | 1.26 | 162 | |
9 | no | 1 | 0.8 | 4 | 3.2 | 11 | 8.8 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0.8 | 98 |
yes | 6 | 2.52 | 10 | 4.20 | 21 | 8.82 | 15 | 6.30 | 5 | 2.10 | 181 | |
10 | no | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.8 | 121 | ||
yes | 4 | 1.68 | 8 | 3.36 | 2 | 0.84 | 2 | 0.84 | 222 | |||
totals | no | 8 | 5 | 29 | 17 | 93 | 55 | 31 | 18 | 7 | 4 | |
yes | 23 | 4 | 86 | 15 | 320 | 56 | 122 | 21 | 18 | 3 |