Uneingeschränkter Zugang

Orientation and mobility instruction and its association with performance of mobility activities for elementary age children

Dawn L. Anderson
Dawn L. Anderson
 und 
Robert Wall Emerson
Robert Wall Emerson
   | 01. Jan. 2020
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Article Category: Health Care Sciences & Services, Medicine, Rehabilitation
Online veröffentlicht: 01. Jan. 2020
Seitenbereich: 48 - 60
Eingereicht: 10. Nov. 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/vri-2020-006
Schlüsselwörter
© 2020 Dawn L. Anderson et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Orientation and Mobility instruction and its association with performance of mobility activities for elementary age children
Orientation and Mobility instruction and its association with performance of mobility activities for elementary age children

Figure 2

Students change in performance for O&M activities
Students change in performance for O&M activities

Demographics of Students with Visual Impairments Who Received O&M (N = 850)

Characteristic N Wave 1 % Participated CI N Wave 2 % Participated CI N Wave 3 % Participated CI
Vision
  Blind *290 65.2 .67-.72 146 23.9 .12-.38 *211 59.7 .52-.66
  Vis. Impaired *723 46.2 .42-.50 *146 17.5 .12-.25 *716 37.6 .34-.41
Age
  7-9 (8-10) 11-12 267 42.3 3.7-5.0 48 20.8 .10-.36 237 39.2 .32-.45
  10-12(11-13) 13-14 366 46.7 .46-.40 77 19.5 .09-.28 288 39.6 .33-.44
  13-14(14-16) 15-17 105 50.5 .40-.61 29 13.8 .01-.31 228 36.4 .30-.43
Grade
  Ungraded 58 60.3 .47-.73 10 20.0 -.14--.64 70 35.7 .21-.44
  1-3(1-4) 1-5 170 42.4 .35-.50 37 16.2 .04-.30 99 41.4 .33-.53
  4-5 (5-6) 6-8 267 46.1 .40-.52 60 25.0 .13-.36 374 39.8 .34-.44
  6&up 7&up 9-12 208 44.2 .37-.51 40 15.0 .02-. 24 210 35.7 .29-.43
Gender
  Male 447 43.4 .38-.48 86 21.1 .12-.31 467 36.4 .31-.40
  Female 291 49.1 .43-.55 68 14.7 .07-.26 286 42.0 .36-.47
Ethnicity
  White *468 48.1 .43-.53 103 19.4 .11-.27 483 38.9 .34-.43
  African American *126 40.5 .33-.51 30 30.0 .13-.49 122 36.1 .28-.45
  Hispanic *113 48.7 .38-.57 14 0 - 112 42.0 .32-.51
  Other *30 20.0 .52-.38 6 0 - 35 28.6 .14-.47
Income
  25,000 and under 253 42.7 .37-.49 64 20.3 .12-.34 236 36.4 .30-.42
  25,001-50,000 213 48.8 .42-.56 34 17.6 .05-.34 193 38.3 .31-.45
  Over 50,000 232 44.8 .39-.52 55 18.2 .05-.27 308 39.6 ,34-.45
Urbanicity
  Rural *33 39.4 .22-.57 9 22.2 -.17-.73 *81 40.7 .30-.52
  Suburban *309 40.1 .35-.46 59 15.3 .06-.26 *327 30.3 .25-.35
  Urban *267 51.5 .45-.56 151 17.9 .12-.31 *340 45.6 .39-.50
# of Disabilities
  0 - - - - - 6 50.0 .07-1.07
  1 248 44.0 .37-.50 45 24.4 .11-.38 345 40.6 .35-.45
  2 175 49.1 .42-.58 28 14.3 .00-.28 174 30.5 .22-36
  3 107 45.8 .35-.55 22 9.1 -.04-.22 113 40.7 .31-.50
  4 83 39.8 .27-.50 24 20.8 .03-.38 68 44.1 .31-.56
  5 68 1.5 .42-.67 14 14.3 -.07-.35 24 37.5 .18-.61
  6 33 42.4 .22-.60 9 22.2 -.12-.56 15 26.7 .01-.52
  7 16 31.3 .01-.52 2 0 - 4 75.0 .05-1.55
  8 4 75.0 .46-1.55 1 0 - 3 33.3 1.10-1.77
  9 2 50.0 5.85-6.85 1 0 - 1 100 -
  10 2 100 - - - - - - -

Percentage of Student Activity Performance Associated with Time of O&M Instruction

Both Wave 1 Wave 3 None
w1 - w3 w1 - w3 w1 - w3 w1 -w3
Travel Using Sighted Guide: Familiar Locations
Not Very Well 1.2 - 8.4 7.1 - 8.4 0 - 0 4.5 - 0
Pretty Well 19.8 - 14.5 35.7 - 16.7 0 - 15.8 22.7 - 22.6
Very Well 79 - 77.1 57.1 - 75.0 100 - 84.2 72.7 - 77.4
n 81 83 28 12 7 19 22 21
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 8.92 p = .178 Wave 3, X2 (6) = 5.24, p = .514
Travel Indoors: Rotely Learned Routes
Not Very Well 5.1 - 4.6 9.4 - 4.0 0-6.7 3.8-1.4
Pretty Well 28.3 - 30.6 18.8-16.0 7.7-6.7 17-11.3
Very Well 66.7 - 64.8 71.9-80.0 92.3 - 86.7 79.2 - 87.3
n 99 108 32 25 13 30 53 71
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 7.18 p = .304 Wave 3, X2 (6) = 16.91 p = .010*
Travel to Other Areas: Other Learned Routes
Not Very Well 13.4 - 12.4 20.0 - 7.7 0 - 6.9 7.8 - 4.4
Pretty Well 32.0 - 34.0 13.3 - 19.2 28.6 - 20.7 15.7 - 14.7
Very Well 54.6 - 53.6 66.7 - 73.1 71.4-72.4 76.5 - 80.9
n 97 97 30 26 14 29 51 68
Wave 1, X2(6) = 12.36, p = .054 Wave 3, X2 (6) = 14.64 p = .023*
Create New Routes: Familiar Places Indoors
Not Very Well 27.3 - 28.7 15.6 - 12.0 6.3 - 13.3 18.5 - 9.5
Pretty Well 38.6 - 33.0 40.6 - 32.0 25.0 - 6.7 16.7 - 20.3
Very Well 34.1 - 38.3 43.8 - 56.0 68.8 - 80.0 64.8 - 70.3
n 88 94 32 25 16 30 54 74
Wave 1, X2(6) = 18.51, p = 005* Wave 3, X2 (6) = 28.12 p = .000*
Execute Route within Building with Verbal Directions
Not Very Well 36.0 - 32.2 23.1 - 12.5 6.7 - 11.1 27.5 - 17.8
Pretty Well 25.6 - 33.3 34.6 - 50.0 40.0 - 25.9 17.6 - 19.2
Very Well 38.4 - 34.4 42.3 - 37.5 53.3 - 63.0 54.9 - 63.0
n 86 90 26 24 15 27 51 73
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 9.87 9.87, p = .130 Wave 3, X2 (6) = 22.43 p = .001*
Execute Route in another Building with Directions
Not Very Well 30.8 - 41.6 42.9 - 21.7 14.3 - 11.12.2010 28.6 - 44.4 16.0 - 21.7
Pretty Well 28.2 - 35.1 14.3 - 52.2 16.0 - 17.4
Very Well 41.0 - 23.4 42.9 - 26.1 57.1 - 44.4 68.0 - 60.9
n 39 77 14 23 7 27 25 69
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 7.05, p = .316 Wave 3, X2 (6) = 32.24 p = .000*
Locate Unfamiliar Place by Numbering System
Not Very Well 58.5 - 47.8 47.1 - 30.0 22.2 - 21.7 51.6 - 22.6
Pretty Well 30.2 - 32.8 23.5 - 40.0 33.3 - 47.8 16.1 - 15.1
Very Well 11.3 - 19.4 29.4 - 30.0 44.4 - 30.4 32.3 - 62.3
n 53 67 17 20 9 23 31 53
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 10.30, p = .113 Wave 3, X2 (6) = 29.69 p = .000*
Orient Self to Unfamiliar Room
Not Very Well 31.9 - 30.5 44.1 - 8.0 6.7 - 3.3 8.1 - 10.5
Pretty Well 36.2 - 43.2 17.6 - 60.0 33.3 - 33.3 33.9 - 20.9
Very Well 31.9 - 26.3 38.2 - 32 60 - 63.3 58.1 - 68.6
n 94 95 34 25 15 30 62 86
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 25.89, p = .000* Wave 3, X2 (6) = 47.51 p = .000*
Solicit Help to Orient Self to Building
Not Very Well 39.6 - 36.4 33.3 - 18.2 16.7 - 20.8 18.0 - 19.4
Pretty Well 25.3 - 33.0 33.3 - 40.9 50.0 - 16.7 32.0 - 20.8
Very Well 35.2 - 30.7 33.3 - 40.9 33.3 - 62.5 50.0 - 59.7
n 91 88 30 22 12 24 50 72
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 10.40, p = .109 Wave 3, X2 (6) = 19.00 p = .004*
Solicit Help to Orient Self to Campus or Workplace
Not Very Well 66.7 - 42.9 45.5 - 16.7 20.0 - 16.7 31.3 - 18.4
Pretty Well 14.3 - 21.4 36.4 - 33.3 0 - 16.7 6.3 - 16.3
Very Well 19.0 - 35.7 18.2 - 50.0 80.0 - 66.7 62.5 - 65.3
n 21 56 11 12 5 18 16 49
Wave 1, X2 (6) = 16.26, p = .012* Wave 3, X2 (6) = 14.22 p = .027*

Demographic Variables Associated with Receipt of O&M

X2(dF, N) P
Wave 1 Blindness X2(1, N=290) = 73.276 p = .000
Visual Impairment X2(1, N=723) = 4.64 p = .037
Urbanicity X2(2, N=609) = 9.334 p = .009
Ethnicity X2(3, N=737) = 10.837 p = .013
Wave 2 Visual Impairment X2(1, N=146) = 4.716 p. = .030
Wave 3 Blindness X2(1, N=211) = 55.653 p = .000
Visual Impairment X2(1, N=716) = 5.469 p = .016
Urbanicity X2(2, N=748) = 16.745 p = .000

Variance in Student Performance Ratings in Mobility Activities: Wave 1 to Wave 3 (no O&M = 125; O&M = 238)

Skill O&M -2 % -1 % 0 % 1 % 2 % missing
1 no 1 0.8 2 1.6 122
yes 3 1.26 41 17.23 8 3.36 186
2 no 2 1.6 18 14.4 2 1.6 1 0.8 102
yes 10 4.20 55 23.11 15 6.30 158
3 no 3 2.4 15 12 1 0.8 1 0.8 105
yes 1 0.42 15 6.30 45 18.91 16 6.72 162
4 no 2 1.6 4 3.2 11 8.8 4 3.2 104
yes 2 0.84 9 3.78 41 17.23 18 7.56 3 1.26 165
5 no 4 3.2 12 9.6 5 4 1 0.8 103
yes 3 1.26 8 3.36 44 18.49 15 6.30 168
6 no 3 2.4 4 3.2 3 2.4 115
yes 1 0.42 8 3.36 12 5.04 4 1.68 2 0.84 211
7 no 1 0.8 2 1.6 3 2.4 2 1.6 1 0.8 114
yes 4 1.68 2 0.84 22 9.24 10 4.20 3 1.26 197
8 no 4 3.2 5 4 16 12.8 8 6.4 1 0.8 91
yes 2 0.84 21 8.82 31 13.03 19 7.98 3 1.26 162
9 no 1 0.8 4 3.2 11 8.8 5 4 1 0.8 98
yes 6 2.52 10 4.20 21 8.82 15 6.30 5 2.10 181
10 no 1 0.8 1 0.8 1 0.8 1 0.8 121
yes 4 1.68 8 3.36 2 0.84 2 0.84 222
totals no 8 5 29 17 93 55 31 18 7 4
yes 23 4 86 15 320 56 122 21 18 3
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