<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The increasing level of urbanisation and traffic congestion promotes the concept of urban air mobility (UAM), which has become a thriving topic in engineering and neighbouring disciplines. the development of a suitable ground-based infrastructure is necessary to supply these innovative vehicles, which mainly includes networks of take-off and landing sites, facilities for maintenance, energy supply, and navigation and communication capabilities. Further requirements comprise robust business and operating models for emerging service providers and regulatory frameworks, particularly regarding safety, liability and noise emissions. the objective of this study is to provide an overview of the current results and developments in the field of UAM ground-based infrastructure by conducting a systematic literature review (SLr) and to identify the most relevant research gaps in the field. For the systematic literature analysis, our search string contains vertiports and the equivalents, UAM and equivalents, and search phrases for the individual domains. In the final analysis 64 articles were included, finding a strong focus on simulations and vertiport networks, while specific case studies and related aspects like automated MrO and urban planning appear less frequently. therefore, this article provides insights for a more holistic perspective on challenges and necessities of future UAM.
</abstract>

Digital City Science, HafenCity University (HCU)

A Systematic Review of Ground-Based Infrastructure for the Innovative Urban Air Mobility

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

In 2021, the Space Systems Laboratory of the University of Pisa (UniPi) started a student-oriented high-altitude ballooning programme intended to provide an opportunity for hands-on experience in support of the teaching of scientific and technical courses. The programme provides mentoring on scientific, technical and management issues, along with financial support and assistance with integration and launch on a sounding balloon platform. The goal is to conduct flying experiments in the stratosphere, retrieve them after landing and process the results; by doing so, the students experience all phases of a scientific mission project, from conceptual design to realisation, operations and post-flight analysis. Following a call for proposal open to all students of the UniPi across all study areas, three experiments were selected featuring multidisciplinary teams. This paper summarises the features of the programme’s first edition and presents the main lessons learned.
</abstract>

Science, Technology and Systems Engineering Educational Activities with Stratospheric Balloons

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The objective of all universities in the Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space UniversitieS (PEGASUS) network is to offer highly relevant educational and research programmes and thereby attract the best students and scientists. Coordinated developments, exchange of students and staff and innovation are the basis on which these objectives are achieved. The paper shows how PEGASUS is contributing to the increase in students’ mobility among the partner universities, providing a tool to visualise, illustrate and quantify these flows. The tool provides a mapping of agreements and flows, using data based on a questionnaire sent to all PEGASUS partners. The data is available from the courses offered in the years 2012–2019 and has been prepared for display in the Google Earth application. It is a very flexible tool that allows for multiple searching criteria: per university of origin, per university of destination, per country, per course, etc. The current state of international exchange is shown, emphasising the noticed strengths and weaknesses. Initiatives taken to improve the weaknesses in cooperation are discussed and summed up with final conclusions.
</abstract>

Départament Ingénierie des Systèmes Complexes

Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali

The Role of Pegasus in the European Aeronautics and Space Universities Exchange of Students and Professors

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

After launching the First Survey on the Spanish aerospace industry, important results were obtained, which helped to delve into the roots of the digital transformation (DT) of this sector, focussing on the Madrid region (Spain). From this type of study, which had not been carried out until now at the regional level, extremely interesting data have emerged that allow us to define the situation of Madrid companies in the aerospace sector. We have characterised and quantified the influence of what we have called ‘transformative enablers’. We have also analysed their relationships with the general characteristics of the companies, such as location, number of employees, legal form or type of company. We also obtained interesting conclusions about the role of respondents within organisations to discover the ‘capillarity’ of their situations and thus understand the degree of DT in terms of whether they achieve the so-called Industry 4.0 (Fourth Industrial Revolution) specifications. Finally, we have carried out a monographic study of the disruptive innovations within the start-up ecosystem to understand its definition and scope in the aerospace industry as a precursor of the latter’s DT.
</abstract>

An Analysis of the Spanish Aerospace Sector: The Case of the Start-Up Ecosystem in Madrid

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The paper presents the evolution and trends in the Master’s-level studies in aerospace engineering in Italy, looking at the past 20 years. In the year 2000, a major reform of the higher education in engineering took place in Italy, with the introduction of the so-called ‘Bologna system’ and the clear separation of Bachelor’s and Master’s degree studies. With this reform, a relatively high flexibility was given to universities to define their programme structures. The ministerial rules defined only broad subject areas within which courses and credits should be allocated. This reform allowed the diversification of the educational profile within each university and, even more relevant, allowed the creation of mobility across the country between Bachelor’s and Master’s study programmes. The paper will show the basic facts and figures in the six Italian universities participating in the Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space UniversitieS (PEGASUS) network (<italic>Politecnico di Milano, Politecnico di Torino, Università di Pisa, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Sapienza Università di Roma</italic> and <italic>Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna</italic>), elaborating on the impact of the potential workforce for the sector. Data have been collected from the official open data repository of the Italian Ministry of University, supplemented by information provided by the six universities under analysis. The comparative analysis shows two major results: the positive impact of the reform on the overall Italian higher education and, specifically, a greater appreciation of the aerospace curricula proposed in accordance with the new system.
</abstract>

Department of Aerospace Science and Technology

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering

Department of Structural Engineering and Geotechnics

Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna

Evolution of (AERO)Space Engineering Studies in Italy in the Past 20 Years

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

One of the most perspective directions of aircraft engine development is related to implementing adaptive automatic electronic control systems (ACS). The significant elements of these systems are algorithms of matching of mathematical models to actual performances of the engine. These adaptive models are used directly in control algorithms and are a combination of static and dynamic sub-models. This work considers the dynamic sub-models formation using the Least Square method (LSM) on a base of the engine parameters that are measured in-flight. While implementing this function in the (ACS), the problem of checking the sufficiency of the used information for ensuring the required precision of the model arises. We must do this checking a priori (to determine a set of operation modes, the shape of the engine test impact and volume of recorded information) and a posteriori. Equations of the engine models are considered. Relations are derived that determine the precision of parameters of these models’ estimation depending on the precision of measurement, the composition of the engine power ratings, and durability of observations, at a stepwise change of fuel flow. We present these relations in non-dimensional coordinates that make them universal and ready for application to any turboshaft engine.
</abstract>

Development of Turboshaft Engine Adaptive Dynamic Model: Analysis of Estimation Errors

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Transactions on Aerospace Research

Aims&amp;ScopeAbout: History and MissionQuality AssuranceArchiving and IntegrityOpen Access and FeesAdvertising and MarketingPublishing Schedule AIMS &amp; SCOPE Core Focus and Article SelectionThe primary aim of Transactions on Aerospace Research is to serve as a dynamic platform for the advancement and exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge in aerospace research. The journal covers a wide range of topics in aerospace engineering, including but not limited to:  Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics Avionics Aircraft Performance, Stability, and Control Structural Engineering Aerospace Materials Propulsion Systems Navigation and Guidance Systems Maintenance and Diagnostics Manufacturing Technologies Safety and Reliability Vibrations and Aeroelasticity Additionally, it welcomes contributions from related scientific areas intersecting with aviation and space exploration, including but not limited to the following:  Astrophysics Astronomy Remote Sensing Photogrammetry Atmospheric Sciences Materials Sciences Aviation and Space Law Aviation and Space Economy Aviation and Space Organization Aviation and Space Medicine History of Aviation and Space Technology Aerospace Communication In view of its history, Transactions on Aerospace Research has played a distinctive role in bringing the Eastern European aviation-engineering traditions to a wider global audience, and integrating them into the broader global traditions. However, the journal now has a more global reach. It continuously seeks to foster innovation and to encourage collaboration among researchers from diverse backgrounds, pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible in aerospace technology and science. By highlighting cutting-edge research and facilitating discourse on emerging trends and challenges, Transactions on Aerospace Research aims to be at the forefront of shaping the future of aerospace engineering and contributing significantly to the field's evolution. Transactions on Aerospace Research is an Open Access journal, offering increased visibility and impact for authors' work. We do not charge any article processing charges or other publication fees. This approach aligns with our mission to disseminate cutting-edge research freely and widely. ABOUT Transactions on Aerospace Research is published by the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. History and MissionThe Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, originally established as the Technical Research Institute of Aviation back in 1926, has played a pivotal role in the testing and development of nearly all Polish-designed aircraft. The beginnings of the journal date back to an early series of publications known as “IBTL Reports”. After WWII, the Institute began publishing a research journal in 1956, then known as Transactions of the Institute of Aviation [Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa]. In 2018 the name was changed to the current one, Transactions on Aerospace Research – the new title reflecting our commitment to being a global platform for all scholars in aviation and space sciences. The primary aim of Transactions on Aerospace Research is to serve as a dynamic platform for the advancement and state-of-the-art knowledge in aerospace research. The journal has played a distinctive role in bringing the Eastern European aviation-engineering traditions to a wider global audience, and integrating them into the broader global traditions. However, the journal now has a more global reach. It continuously seeks to foster innovation and to encourage collaboration among researchers from diverse backgrounds, pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible in aerospace technology and science. By highlighting cutting-edge research and facilitating discourse on emerging trends and challenges, Transactions on Aerospace Research aims to be at the forefront of shaping the future of aerospace engineering and contributing significantly to the field's evolution. Under the leadership of Professor Cezary Galiński, Editor in Chief, our journal has consistently been growing in prestige and global reach. Quality AssuranceEach submission undergoes a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, ensuring the highest standards of academic excellence. We are proud to be indexed in a number of research databases, including the ICI Journals Master List and BazTech databases, highlighting our commitment to quality and accessibility in scientific publishing. Archiving and IntegrityAs a forward-looking scientific journal, we strive to ensure the longevity and integrity of our publications. We utilize the Sciendo archiving system in Portico [https://www.portico.org/] for long-term digital preservation. Additionally, our participation in the Similarity Check System guarantees the originality and trustworthiness of the content we publish. Open Access and Fees Transactions on Aerospace Research is an Open Access journal, offering increased visibility and impact for authors' work. We do not charge any article processing charges or other publication fees. This approach aligns with our mission to disseminate cutting-edge research freely and widely. The publishing costs for the journal are primarily covered by the Scientific Publications Department of the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, with additional funding sourced from the Polish Ministry of Education. Advertising and MarketingThe journal does not host any commercial advertising or marketing activities. Publishing ScheduleThe journal is published four times each year: in the months of March, June, September and December. WERSJA PLCELE I ZAKRESOPIS: Historia i misjaZapewnienie jakościArchiwizacja i integralnośćOtwarty dostęp i opłatyReklama i marketingHarmonogram wydawniczy CELE I ZAKRES Główny cel i zakres tematycznyCzasopismo Transactions on Aerospace Research ma za zadanie służyć jako dynamiczna platforma dla rozwoju i wymiany najnowocześniejszej wiedzy w dziedzinie badań nad lotnictwem i kosmonautyką. Czasopismo obejmuje szeroki zakres tematów z dziedziny inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej, w tym między innymi:  Aerodynamika i aeroakustyka Awionika Osiągi, stabilność i kontrola statków powietrznych Inżynieria strukturalna Materiały lotnicze i kosmiczne Systemy napędowe Systemy nawigacji i naprowadzania Konserwacja i diagnostyka Technologie produkcyjne Bezpieczeństwo i niezawodność Drgania i aeroelastyczność Ponadto, mile widziane są wypowiedzi z pokrewnych dziedzin naukowych, które przecinają się z lotnictwem i eksploracją kosmosu, w tym między innymi z następujących:  Astrofizyka Astronomia Teledetekcja Fotogrametria Nauki o atmosferze Nauki o materiałach Prawo lotnicze i kosmiczne Lotnictwo i gospodarka kosmiczna Organizacja lotnictwa i przestrzeni kosmicznej Medycyna lotnicza i kosmiczna Historia lotnictwa i technologii kosmicznych Komunikacja lotnicza Ze względu na swoją historię, Transactions on Aerospace Research odgrywa wyróżniającą się rolę w przybliżaniu wschodnioeuropejskich tradycji inżynierii lotniczej szerszej globalnej publiczności i integrowaniu ich z szerszymi tradycjami światowymi. Obecnie czasopismo ma jeszcze bardziej globalny zasięg. Nieustannie dąży do wspierania innowacji i zachęcania do współpracy naukowców z różnych środowisk, przesuwając granice tego, co uważa się za możliwe w technologii lotniczej i nauce. Transactions on Aerospace Research stara się być liderem w kształtowaniu przyszłości inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej oraz znacząco przyczyniać się do ewolucji tej dziedziny poprzez podkreślanie najnowocześniejszych badań i ułatwianie dyskusji na temat pojawiających się trendów i wyzwań. Transactions on Aerospace Research jest czasopismem Open Access. Nie pobieramy żadnych opłat za przetwarzanie artykułów ani innych opłat za publikację. Takie podejście jest zgodne z naszą misją swobodnego i szerokiego rozpowszechniania najnowszych badań. OPIS „Transactions on Aerospace Research” jest czasopismo naukowe publikowane przez Sieć Badawczą Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa w Warszawie. Historia i misja Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa w Warszawie została pierwotnie założona jako Techniczne Zakłady Naukowe Lotnictwa w 1926 roku i odegrała kluczową rolę w testowaniu i rozwoju niemal wszystkich samolotów polskiej konstrukcji. Początki czasopisma sięgają wczesnej serii publikacji znanych jako „Raporty IBTL”. Po II wojnie światowej, w 1956 roku, Instytut rozpoczął wydawanie czasopisma naukowego pod nazwą „Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa”. W 2018 roku nazwa została zmieniona na obecną, czyli „Transactions on Aerospace Research", co odzwierciedla nasze zaangażowanie w bycie globalną platformą dla wszystkich naukowców zajmujących się lotnictwem i naukami kosmicznymi. Czasopismo „Transactions on Aerospace Research” ma za zadanie służyć jako dynamiczna platforma dla rozwoju i wymiany najnowszej wiedzy w dziedzinie badań lotniczych. Czasopismo odgrywa wyróżniającą się rolę w przybliżaniu wschodnioeuropejskich tradycji inżynierii lotniczej szerszej globalnej publiczności i integrowaniu ich z szerszymi tradycjami światowymi. Nieustannie dąży do wspierania innowacji i zachęcania do współpracy naukowców z różnych środowisk, przesuwając granice tego, co uważa się za możliwe w technologii lotniczej i nauce. „Transactions on Aerospace Research” stara się być liderem w kształtowaniu przyszłości inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej oraz znacząco przyczyniać się do ewolucji tej dziedziny poprzez podkreślanie najnowocześniejszych badań i ułatwianie dyskusji na temat pojawiających się trendów i wyzwań. Pod kierownictwem profesora Cezarego Galińskiego, redaktora naczelnego, nasze czasopismo konsekwentnie zyskuje na prestiżu i globalnym zasięgu. Na podstawie komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 17 lipca 2023 roku za artykuły publikowane na łamach Transactions on Aerospace Research przyznawane jest 20 punktów do dorobku naukowego. Zapewnienie jakościKażda praca złożona do czasopisma przechodzi rygorystyczny proces recenzji „podwójnie ślepej”, zapewniając najwyższe standardy doskonałości akademickiej. Jesteśmy indeksowani w wielu bazach danych badawczych, w tym w bazach danych ICI Journals Master List i BazTech, co podkreśla nasze zaangażowanie w jakość i dostępność publikacji naukowych. Archiwizacja i integralnośćJako przyszłościowe czasopismo naukowe staramy się zapewnić długowieczność i integralność naszych publikacji. Korzystamy z systemu archiwizacji Sciendo w Portico [https://www.portico.org/] w celu długoterminowej ochrony zasobów cyfrowych. Ponadto nasz udział w systemie Similarity Check gwarantuje oryginalność i wiarygodność publikowanych przez nas treści. Otwarty dostęp i opłatyTransactions on Aerospace Research jest czasopismem Open Access, oferującym większą widoczność i wpływ na pracę autorów. Nie pobieramy żadnych opłat za przetwarzanie artykułów ani innych opłat za publikację. Takie podejście jest zgodne z naszą misją swobodnego i szerokiego rozpowszechniania najnowszych badań. Koszty wydawnicze czasopisma pokrywane są głównie przez Dział Wydawnictw Naukowych Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz – Instytutu Lotnictwa w Warszawie, a dodatkowe środki pochodzą z Ministerstwa Edukacji Narodowej. Reklama i marketingCzasopismo nie prowadzi żadnych komercyjnych działań reklamowych ani marketingowych. Harmonogram wydawniczyCzasopismo jest publikowane cztery razy w roku, w miesiącach Marzec, Czerwiec, Wrzesień i Grudzień 