<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training.
Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.
</abstract>

Lukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The paper presents the validation procedure of the model used in the analysis of the composite blade for the rotor of the ILX-27 rotorcraft, designed and manufactured in the Institute of Aviation, by means of numerical analyses and tests of composite elements. Numerical analysis using finite element method and experimental studies of three research objects made of basic materials comprising the blade structure – carbon-epoxy laminate, glass-epoxy composite made of roving and foam filler – were carried out. The elements were in the form of four-point bent beams, and for comparison of the results the deflection arrow values in the middle of the beam and axial deformations on the upper and lower surfaces were selected. The procedure allowed to adjust the discrete model to real objects and to verify and correct the material data used in the strength analysis of the designed blade.
</abstract>

Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation

Validation of Numerical Models Used for Designing the Composite Blade for ILX-27 Rotorcraft

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Autonomous underwater gliders are buoyancy propelled vehicles. Their way of propulsion relies upon changing their buoyancy with internal pumping systems enabling them up and down motions, and their forward gliding motions are generated by hydrodynamic lift forces exerted on a pair of wings attached to a glider hull. In this study lift and drag characteristics of a glider were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach and results were compared with the literature. Flow behavior, lift and drag forces distribution at different angles of attack were studied for Reynolds numbers varying around 105 for NACA0012 wing configurations. The variable of the glider was the angle of attack, the velocity was constant. Flow velocity was 0.5 m/s and angle of the body varying from −8° to 8° in steps of 2°. Results from the CFD constituted the basis for the calculation the equations of motions of glider in the vertical plane. Therefore, vehicle motion simulation was achieved through numeric integration of the equations of motion. The equations of motions will be solved in the MatLab software. This work will contribute to dynamic modelling and three-dimensional motion simulation of a torpedo shaped underwater glider.
</abstract>

Department of Aerodynamics, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics

CFD Approach to Modelling Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Underwater Glider

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The article presents the description of technological trials and the results of three methods of machining carbon fiber reinforced composites panels. It also reviews the literature concerned heat affected zone in composites and its influence on material properties. As a part of the research, the cutting method using diamond coated saw was tested, as well as the milling method with two different types of carbide milling cutters. The processing of the panels was done using 4-axis CNC machine with special adapter for cutting discs in Composite Testing Laboratory (Center for Composite Technologies, Warsaw Institute of Aviation). The methods were compared in terms of machined edge quality and panel temperature during the processes. For this purpose, thermocouples were mounted into panels. Records from thermocouples were included. Edge quality and surface roughness have been checked by microscopic observation. Additionally, samples machined by each evaluated processing method were tested using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The method was used to determine the glass transition temperature of the tested material. The article conclusions contain a comparison of three processing methods in terms of cutting quality, process temperature, processing method productivity as well as DSC tests results.
</abstract>

Comparison of Composite Laminates Machining Methods and its Influence on Process Temperature and Edge Quality

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This article has a theoretical and experimental character. It presents the characteristics of two main thermoplastics used in the aerospace industry – poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) and poly phenylene sulphide (PPS). The selected materials are compounds for the production of thermoplastic polymer matrix composites. The paper presents a literature review of the application of thermoplastic polymer matrix composite materials in aviation. Additionally, the paper focuses on the characteristics of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) which plays an important role in the production of aerospace components. Testing methods have been chosen on the basis of the type of composite matrix. The article contains the most important mechanical properties and general characteristics of thermoplastics used as a matrix for CFRP type composites used in the aerospace industry. Individual test procedures which allow for the evaluation of mechanical properties of composite materials on a thermoplastic polymer matrix, have been described. Mechanical tests such as static tensile test and bending of short beams were carried out in order to examine CFRP composites.
</abstract>

Theoretical and Experimental Review of Applied Mechanical Tests for Carbon Composites with Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The article presents research conducted with the project: ‘Additive manufacturing in conduction with optical methods used for optimization of 3D models’’ [2]. The article begins with the description of properties of the materials used in three different additive technologies – Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Material Jetting (MJ). The next part focuses on the comparative analysis of macro- and microstructure of specimens printed in order to test selected materials in additive technologies mentioned above. In this research two types of specimens were used: dumbbell specimens and rectangular prism with hole specimens. In order to observe macrostructure specimens, they were subjected to load test until it broke. In the case of observing microstructure, they were cut in some places. Each of described additive technologies characterizes by both different way of printing and used materials. These variables have a significant influence on macro- and microstructure and fracture appearance. FDM technology specimens printed of ABS material characterized by texture surface appearance. SLS technology specimens printed of PA12 material characterized by amorphous structure. MJ technology specimens printed of VeroWhite Plus material characterized by fracture appearance which had quasi- fatigue features. The microstructure of these specimens was uniform with visible inclusions.
</abstract>

Comparative Analysis of Macro- and Microstructure of Printed Elements in the FDM, SLS and MJ Technologies

AHEAD OF PRINT

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Transactions on Aerospace Research

Aims&amp;ScopeAbout: History and MissionQuality AssuranceArchiving and IntegrityOpen Access and FeesAdvertising and MarketingPublishing Schedule AIMS &amp; SCOPE Core Focus and Article SelectionThe primary aim of Transactions on Aerospace Research is to serve as a dynamic platform for the advancement and exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge in aerospace research. The journal covers a wide range of topics in aerospace engineering, including but not limited to:  Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics Avionics Aircraft Performance, Stability, and Control Structural Engineering Aerospace Materials Propulsion Systems Navigation and Guidance Systems Maintenance and Diagnostics Manufacturing Technologies Safety and Reliability Vibrations and Aeroelasticity Additionally, it welcomes contributions from related scientific areas intersecting with aviation and space exploration, including but not limited to the following:  Astrophysics Astronomy Remote Sensing Photogrammetry Atmospheric Sciences Materials Sciences Aviation and Space Law Aviation and Space Economy Aviation and Space Organization Aviation and Space Medicine History of Aviation and Space Technology Aerospace Communication In view of its history, Transactions on Aerospace Research has played a distinctive role in bringing the Eastern European aviation-engineering traditions to a wider global audience, and integrating them into the broader global traditions. However, the journal now has a more global reach. It continuously seeks to foster innovation and to encourage collaboration among researchers from diverse backgrounds, pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible in aerospace technology and science. By highlighting cutting-edge research and facilitating discourse on emerging trends and challenges, Transactions on Aerospace Research aims to be at the forefront of shaping the future of aerospace engineering and contributing significantly to the field's evolution. Transactions on Aerospace Research is an Open Access journal, offering increased visibility and impact for authors' work. We do not charge any article processing charges or other publication fees. This approach aligns with our mission to disseminate cutting-edge research freely and widely. ABOUT Transactions on Aerospace Research is published by the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. History and MissionThe Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, originally established as the Technical Research Institute of Aviation back in 1926, has played a pivotal role in the testing and development of nearly all Polish-designed aircraft. The beginnings of the journal date back to an early series of publications known as “IBTL Reports”. After WWII, the Institute began publishing a research journal in 1956, then known as Transactions of the Institute of Aviation [Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa]. In 2018 the name was changed to the current one, Transactions on Aerospace Research – the new title reflecting our commitment to being a global platform for all scholars in aviation and space sciences. The primary aim of Transactions on Aerospace Research is to serve as a dynamic platform for the advancement and state-of-the-art knowledge in aerospace research. The journal has played a distinctive role in bringing the Eastern European aviation-engineering traditions to a wider global audience, and integrating them into the broader global traditions. However, the journal now has a more global reach. It continuously seeks to foster innovation and to encourage collaboration among researchers from diverse backgrounds, pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible in aerospace technology and science. By highlighting cutting-edge research and facilitating discourse on emerging trends and challenges, Transactions on Aerospace Research aims to be at the forefront of shaping the future of aerospace engineering and contributing significantly to the field's evolution. Under the leadership of Professor Cezary Galiński, Editor in Chief, our journal has consistently been growing in prestige and global reach. Quality AssuranceEach submission undergoes a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, ensuring the highest standards of academic excellence. We are proud to be indexed in a number of research databases, including the ICI Journals Master List and BazTech databases, highlighting our commitment to quality and accessibility in scientific publishing. Archiving and IntegrityAs a forward-looking scientific journal, we strive to ensure the longevity and integrity of our publications. We utilize the Sciendo archiving system in Portico [https://www.portico.org/] for long-term digital preservation. Additionally, our participation in the Similarity Check System guarantees the originality and trustworthiness of the content we publish. Open Access and Fees Transactions on Aerospace Research is an Open Access journal, offering increased visibility and impact for authors' work. We do not charge any article processing charges or other publication fees. This approach aligns with our mission to disseminate cutting-edge research freely and widely. The publishing costs for the journal are primarily covered by the Scientific Publications Department of the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, with additional funding sourced from the Polish Ministry of Education. Advertising and MarketingThe journal does not host any commercial advertising or marketing activities. Publishing ScheduleThe journal is published four times each year: in the months of March, June, September and December. WERSJA PLCELE I ZAKRESOPIS: Historia i misjaZapewnienie jakościArchiwizacja i integralnośćOtwarty dostęp i opłatyReklama i marketingHarmonogram wydawniczy CELE I ZAKRES Główny cel i zakres tematycznyCzasopismo Transactions on Aerospace Research ma za zadanie służyć jako dynamiczna platforma dla rozwoju i wymiany najnowocześniejszej wiedzy w dziedzinie badań nad lotnictwem i kosmonautyką. Czasopismo obejmuje szeroki zakres tematów z dziedziny inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej, w tym między innymi:  Aerodynamika i aeroakustyka Awionika Osiągi, stabilność i kontrola statków powietrznych Inżynieria strukturalna Materiały lotnicze i kosmiczne Systemy napędowe Systemy nawigacji i naprowadzania Konserwacja i diagnostyka Technologie produkcyjne Bezpieczeństwo i niezawodność Drgania i aeroelastyczność Ponadto, mile widziane są wypowiedzi z pokrewnych dziedzin naukowych, które przecinają się z lotnictwem i eksploracją kosmosu, w tym między innymi z następujących:  Astrofizyka Astronomia Teledetekcja Fotogrametria Nauki o atmosferze Nauki o materiałach Prawo lotnicze i kosmiczne Lotnictwo i gospodarka kosmiczna Organizacja lotnictwa i przestrzeni kosmicznej Medycyna lotnicza i kosmiczna Historia lotnictwa i technologii kosmicznych Komunikacja lotnicza Ze względu na swoją historię, Transactions on Aerospace Research odgrywa wyróżniającą się rolę w przybliżaniu wschodnioeuropejskich tradycji inżynierii lotniczej szerszej globalnej publiczności i integrowaniu ich z szerszymi tradycjami światowymi. Obecnie czasopismo ma jeszcze bardziej globalny zasięg. Nieustannie dąży do wspierania innowacji i zachęcania do współpracy naukowców z różnych środowisk, przesuwając granice tego, co uważa się za możliwe w technologii lotniczej i nauce. Transactions on Aerospace Research stara się być liderem w kształtowaniu przyszłości inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej oraz znacząco przyczyniać się do ewolucji tej dziedziny poprzez podkreślanie najnowocześniejszych badań i ułatwianie dyskusji na temat pojawiających się trendów i wyzwań. Transactions on Aerospace Research jest czasopismem Open Access. Nie pobieramy żadnych opłat za przetwarzanie artykułów ani innych opłat za publikację. Takie podejście jest zgodne z naszą misją swobodnego i szerokiego rozpowszechniania najnowszych badań. OPIS „Transactions on Aerospace Research” jest czasopismo naukowe publikowane przez Sieć Badawczą Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa w Warszawie. Historia i misja Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa w Warszawie została pierwotnie założona jako Techniczne Zakłady Naukowe Lotnictwa w 1926 roku i odegrała kluczową rolę w testowaniu i rozwoju niemal wszystkich samolotów polskiej konstrukcji. Początki czasopisma sięgają wczesnej serii publikacji znanych jako „Raporty IBTL”. Po II wojnie światowej, w 1956 roku, Instytut rozpoczął wydawanie czasopisma naukowego pod nazwą „Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa”. W 2018 roku nazwa została zmieniona na obecną, czyli „Transactions on Aerospace Research", co odzwierciedla nasze zaangażowanie w bycie globalną platformą dla wszystkich naukowców zajmujących się lotnictwem i naukami kosmicznymi. Czasopismo „Transactions on Aerospace Research” ma za zadanie służyć jako dynamiczna platforma dla rozwoju i wymiany najnowszej wiedzy w dziedzinie badań lotniczych. Czasopismo odgrywa wyróżniającą się rolę w przybliżaniu wschodnioeuropejskich tradycji inżynierii lotniczej szerszej globalnej publiczności i integrowaniu ich z szerszymi tradycjami światowymi. Nieustannie dąży do wspierania innowacji i zachęcania do współpracy naukowców z różnych środowisk, przesuwając granice tego, co uważa się za możliwe w technologii lotniczej i nauce. „Transactions on Aerospace Research” stara się być liderem w kształtowaniu przyszłości inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej oraz znacząco przyczyniać się do ewolucji tej dziedziny poprzez podkreślanie najnowocześniejszych badań i ułatwianie dyskusji na temat pojawiających się trendów i wyzwań. Pod kierownictwem profesora Cezarego Galińskiego, redaktora naczelnego, nasze czasopismo konsekwentnie zyskuje na prestiżu i globalnym zasięgu. Na podstawie komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 17 lipca 2023 roku za artykuły publikowane na łamach Transactions on Aerospace Research przyznawane jest 20 punktów do dorobku naukowego. Zapewnienie jakościKażda praca złożona do czasopisma przechodzi rygorystyczny proces recenzji „podwójnie ślepej”, zapewniając najwyższe standardy doskonałości akademickiej. Jesteśmy indeksowani w wielu bazach danych badawczych, w tym w bazach danych ICI Journals Master List i BazTech, co podkreśla nasze zaangażowanie w jakość i dostępność publikacji naukowych. Archiwizacja i integralnośćJako przyszłościowe czasopismo naukowe staramy się zapewnić długowieczność i integralność naszych publikacji. Korzystamy z systemu archiwizacji Sciendo w Portico [https://www.portico.org/] w celu długoterminowej ochrony zasobów cyfrowych. Ponadto nasz udział w systemie Similarity Check gwarantuje oryginalność i wiarygodność publikowanych przez nas treści. Otwarty dostęp i opłatyTransactions on Aerospace Research jest czasopismem Open Access, oferującym większą widoczność i wpływ na pracę autorów. Nie pobieramy żadnych opłat za przetwarzanie artykułów ani innych opłat za publikację. Takie podejście jest zgodne z naszą misją swobodnego i szerokiego rozpowszechniania najnowszych badań. Koszty wydawnicze czasopisma pokrywane są głównie przez Dział Wydawnictw Naukowych Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz – Instytutu Lotnictwa w Warszawie, a dodatkowe środki pochodzą z Ministerstwa Edukacji Narodowej. Reklama i marketingCzasopismo nie prowadzi żadnych komercyjnych działań reklamowych ani marketingowych. Harmonogram wydawniczyCzasopismo jest publikowane cztery razy w roku, w miesiącach Marzec, Czerwiec, Wrzesień i Grudzień 