<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Maintenance of aircraft is a complex process and therefore, in order to optimize the process, integrated information systems are increasingly used. Rapid development and wide availability of mobile devices equipped with powerful processors and with a wide range of modern communication connections suggests their high usability for enterprise IT systems. In the Department of Avionics and Air Armament of the Military University of Technology (WAT) an ERP-class (Enterprise Resource Planning) system, intended to support aircraft maintenance [4] has been designed and developed. The main concept of the system is to store the aircraft related and maintenance information in a central repository, i.e. in databases hosted on a central database server. This solution ensures concurrent availability of the data to a large group of authorized users. The key components of the system include the database server and client applications, which ensure access to centralized information resources, according to assigned user rights. The project involves development of client applications using three technologies: web, desktop and mobile one. Developed client applications have successfully passed integration tests perfomed using sample maintenance data. Currently works on user authorization security and wireless data security are under way.
</abstract>

(Department of Avionics and Air Armament, Faculty of Mechatronics and Aviation

(Department of Intelligent Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research

Supporting the Process of Aircraft Maintenance with Mobile Devices

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The study investigates the fatigue strength of a component made of a glass composite material with polyester matrix, manufactured using a contact method (I) and by vacuum bagging (II). Modeling was carried out only for composite material II, due to significant spread of the strength of the composite material manufactured by contact lamination I, which means that such a material does not guarantee repeatability of the test results. Estimation of the composite material fatigue strength and residual strength was performed using a mathematical model based on the Markov chain theory. The model assumed that the material failure occurs at certain critical microvolume of the components operating within the plastic range. Observed relationships between the probability values and the distribution parameters for the static strength of the composite components, as well as the load values allow for deriving a fatigue curve equation. Obtained results are presented in the tables.
</abstract>

Estimation of Strength Parameters of Aviation Products Made of Polymer Composites Based on Markov Chain Theory

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The article presents key properties of a module intended to estimate non-measurable state variables of an aircraft (a fixed-wing aircraft). Sample calculations are applicable to the MP-02A Czajka light Optionally Piloted Vehicle (OPV). The quality of flight parameter values’ estimation is illustrated by comparing flight parameters of the MP-02A Czajka aircraft recorded during actual flight with estimated values of respective parameters calculated during simulation of selected sensor faults. This experiment allows to evaluate the usefulness of the analytical redundancy mechanism that determines attitude parameters (roll, pitch and heading angles) and navigational variables (airspeed, altitude and geographic coordinates).
</abstract>

Analytical Redundancy in Control Systems for Unmanned Aircraft and Optionally Piloted Vehicles

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

One of the many elements of the process of qualifying the candidates for military aircraft pilots is the assessment of the correct functioning of their body balance system, responsible, inter alia, for spatial orientation during a flight. That system continuously controls the spatial position of the center of body mass. To measure that value directly is a complex metrological task. That is why an equivalent measure is used in tests of standing posture stability, i.e. the position of a projection of the center of mass on a supporting plane.
Quantitative information determining the characteristics of the body balance system may be obtained in posturographic tests, which include measurement, recording and assessment of the trajectory of a projection of the examined person’s center of body mass.
At the preliminary stage, examined were nineteen candidates for fighter pilots (one woman and 18 men), students of the Polish Air Force Academy in Dęblin.
Based on the conducted measurements of the body mass center position and the stabilographic tests, the correctness of their balance system performance was assessed. The article discusses the examination methodology, presents measurement results and conclusions.
</abstract>

(Department of Avionics and Control Systems, Faculty of Aeronautics

(Institute of Machine Building, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom

Posturographic Tests of Candidates for Military Pilots

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The speed of a rotor or rotors of a turbine engine is important information on its operation. Due to the specific conditions, in which the measurement is taken in a turbine engine, which in particular applies to small engines that are becoming increasingly popular in manned and unmanned aviation, the most universal detector is the detector using the phenomenon of eddy currents. This article presents the developed detector system solution. The correct operation of a detector is conditional upon the possibility to detect the presence of a blade in the detection field in a reliable manner, while maintaining the resistance to interference. The developed system is resistant to changes in parameters due to the use of a differential system consisting of two detector coils connected in a bridge circuit, a rectifier circuit with filters acting as a demodulator and a comparator. The system works with a microprocessor performing data processing functions. The executed functional model was tested in a laboratory, which enabled to determine its characteristics in several configurations and to confirm its correct operation.
</abstract>

Eddy-Current Sensor for a Tachometer

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Taxiing of manned and remotely piloted aircraft is still performed by pilots without using a system of automatic control of direction and speed. Several reasons have emerged in recent years that make the automation of taxiing an important design challenge. The reasons are: decreased airport capacity due to the growing number of aircraft, poor ground operation conditions during poor visibility conditions, an increase in workload of pilots and air traffic controllers and the integration of simultaneous ground operations of manned and remotely piloted air vehicles. This paper presents selected aspects of the concept of a Low Level Automatic Taxi Control System. In particular, it emphasizes the means of controlling an aircraft during taxiing, accuracy requirements of the system and proposes control techniques. The resulting controller of the system is adaptable for different aircrafts. The actuators and their mechanical connections to available controls are the aircraft specific part and are designed for the particular type – in this case – a general aviation light airplane.
</abstract>

Selected Aspects of the Low Level Automatic Taxi Control System Concept

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Reliability of unmanned aircraft is a decisive factor for conducting air tasks in controlled airspace. One of the means used to improve unmanned aircraft reliability is reconfiguration of the control system, which will allow to maintain control over the aircraft despite occurring failures. The control system is reconfigured by using operational control surfaces, to compensate for failure consequences and to control the damaged aircraft. Development of effective reconfiguration algorithms involves utilization of a non-linear model of unmanned aircraft dynamics, in which deflection of each control surface can be controlled independently.
The paper presents a method for an unmanned aircraft control system reconfiguration utilizing a linear and nonlinear model of aerodynamic loads due to control. It presents reconfiguration algorithms, which differ with used models and with optimization criteria for deflections of failure-free control surfaces. Additionally it presents results of a benchmark of the developed algorithms, for various types of control system failures and control input.
</abstract>

Reconfiguration of Unmanned Aircraft Control System

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Reliability of unmanned aircraft is a decisive factor for conducting air tasks in a controlled airspace. One of the means of improving unmanned aircraft reliability is reconfiguration of the control system, which will allow to maintain control over the aircraft despite an occurring failure. The control system is reconfigured by using still operational control surfaces to compensate for failure consequences and to control the damaged aircraft. Development of effective reconfiguration algorithms involves utilization of a non-linear model of unmanned aircraft dynamics, in which each control surface deflection can be controlled independently.
The paper describes a non-linear model of a small unmanned aircraft with decoupled control surfaces. The paper discusses aircraft flight dynamics equations and estimated equations for controllability derivatives for each control surface, the results of comparison tests of the model and actual aircraft as well as the structure of the simulation model. The developed unmanned aircraft model may be used in development and in optimization of control algorithms for aircraft with damaged control systems as well as to test the impact of failures on dynamic properties of the aircraft.
</abstract>

(Division of Automation and Aeronautical Systems, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering

(Division of Aeroplanes and Helicopters, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering

An Unmanned Aircraft Model for Control System Reconfiguration Analysis and Synthesis

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Transactions on Aerospace Research

Aims&amp;ScopeAbout: History and MissionQuality AssuranceArchiving and IntegrityOpen Access and FeesAdvertising and MarketingPublishing Schedule AIMS &amp; SCOPE Core Focus and Article SelectionThe primary aim of Transactions on Aerospace Research is to serve as a dynamic platform for the advancement and exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge in aerospace research. The journal covers a wide range of topics in aerospace engineering, including but not limited to:  Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics Avionics Aircraft Performance, Stability, and Control Structural Engineering Aerospace Materials Propulsion Systems Navigation and Guidance Systems Maintenance and Diagnostics Manufacturing Technologies Safety and Reliability Vibrations and Aeroelasticity Additionally, it welcomes contributions from related scientific areas intersecting with aviation and space exploration, including but not limited to the following:  Astrophysics Astronomy Remote Sensing Photogrammetry Atmospheric Sciences Materials Sciences Aviation and Space Law Aviation and Space Economy Aviation and Space Organization Aviation and Space Medicine History of Aviation and Space Technology Aerospace Communication In view of its history, Transactions on Aerospace Research has played a distinctive role in bringing the Eastern European aviation-engineering traditions to a wider global audience, and integrating them into the broader global traditions. However, the journal now has a more global reach. It continuously seeks to foster innovation and to encourage collaboration among researchers from diverse backgrounds, pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible in aerospace technology and science. By highlighting cutting-edge research and facilitating discourse on emerging trends and challenges, Transactions on Aerospace Research aims to be at the forefront of shaping the future of aerospace engineering and contributing significantly to the field's evolution. Transactions on Aerospace Research is an Open Access journal, offering increased visibility and impact for authors' work. We do not charge any article processing charges or other publication fees. This approach aligns with our mission to disseminate cutting-edge research freely and widely. ABOUT Transactions on Aerospace Research is published by the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw. History and MissionThe Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, originally established as the Technical Research Institute of Aviation back in 1926, has played a pivotal role in the testing and development of nearly all Polish-designed aircraft. The beginnings of the journal date back to an early series of publications known as “IBTL Reports”. After WWII, the Institute began publishing a research journal in 1956, then known as Transactions of the Institute of Aviation [Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa]. In 2018 the name was changed to the current one, Transactions on Aerospace Research – the new title reflecting our commitment to being a global platform for all scholars in aviation and space sciences. The primary aim of Transactions on Aerospace Research is to serve as a dynamic platform for the advancement and state-of-the-art knowledge in aerospace research. The journal has played a distinctive role in bringing the Eastern European aviation-engineering traditions to a wider global audience, and integrating them into the broader global traditions. However, the journal now has a more global reach. It continuously seeks to foster innovation and to encourage collaboration among researchers from diverse backgrounds, pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible in aerospace technology and science. By highlighting cutting-edge research and facilitating discourse on emerging trends and challenges, Transactions on Aerospace Research aims to be at the forefront of shaping the future of aerospace engineering and contributing significantly to the field's evolution. Under the leadership of Professor Cezary Galiński, Editor in Chief, our journal has consistently been growing in prestige and global reach. Quality AssuranceEach submission undergoes a rigorous double-blind peer-review process, ensuring the highest standards of academic excellence. We are proud to be indexed in a number of research databases, including the ICI Journals Master List and BazTech databases, highlighting our commitment to quality and accessibility in scientific publishing. Archiving and IntegrityAs a forward-looking scientific journal, we strive to ensure the longevity and integrity of our publications. We utilize the Sciendo archiving system in Portico [https://www.portico.org/] for long-term digital preservation. Additionally, our participation in the Similarity Check System guarantees the originality and trustworthiness of the content we publish. Open Access and Fees Transactions on Aerospace Research is an Open Access journal, offering increased visibility and impact for authors' work. We do not charge any article processing charges or other publication fees. This approach aligns with our mission to disseminate cutting-edge research freely and widely. The publishing costs for the journal are primarily covered by the Scientific Publications Department of the Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, with additional funding sourced from the Polish Ministry of Education. Advertising and MarketingThe journal does not host any commercial advertising or marketing activities. Publishing ScheduleThe journal is published four times each year: in the months of March, June, September and December. WERSJA PLCELE I ZAKRESOPIS: Historia i misjaZapewnienie jakościArchiwizacja i integralnośćOtwarty dostęp i opłatyReklama i marketingHarmonogram wydawniczy CELE I ZAKRES Główny cel i zakres tematycznyCzasopismo Transactions on Aerospace Research ma za zadanie służyć jako dynamiczna platforma dla rozwoju i wymiany najnowocześniejszej wiedzy w dziedzinie badań nad lotnictwem i kosmonautyką. Czasopismo obejmuje szeroki zakres tematów z dziedziny inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej, w tym między innymi:  Aerodynamika i aeroakustyka Awionika Osiągi, stabilność i kontrola statków powietrznych Inżynieria strukturalna Materiały lotnicze i kosmiczne Systemy napędowe Systemy nawigacji i naprowadzania Konserwacja i diagnostyka Technologie produkcyjne Bezpieczeństwo i niezawodność Drgania i aeroelastyczność Ponadto, mile widziane są wypowiedzi z pokrewnych dziedzin naukowych, które przecinają się z lotnictwem i eksploracją kosmosu, w tym między innymi z następujących:  Astrofizyka Astronomia Teledetekcja Fotogrametria Nauki o atmosferze Nauki o materiałach Prawo lotnicze i kosmiczne Lotnictwo i gospodarka kosmiczna Organizacja lotnictwa i przestrzeni kosmicznej Medycyna lotnicza i kosmiczna Historia lotnictwa i technologii kosmicznych Komunikacja lotnicza Ze względu na swoją historię, Transactions on Aerospace Research odgrywa wyróżniającą się rolę w przybliżaniu wschodnioeuropejskich tradycji inżynierii lotniczej szerszej globalnej publiczności i integrowaniu ich z szerszymi tradycjami światowymi. Obecnie czasopismo ma jeszcze bardziej globalny zasięg. Nieustannie dąży do wspierania innowacji i zachęcania do współpracy naukowców z różnych środowisk, przesuwając granice tego, co uważa się za możliwe w technologii lotniczej i nauce. Transactions on Aerospace Research stara się być liderem w kształtowaniu przyszłości inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej oraz znacząco przyczyniać się do ewolucji tej dziedziny poprzez podkreślanie najnowocześniejszych badań i ułatwianie dyskusji na temat pojawiających się trendów i wyzwań. Transactions on Aerospace Research jest czasopismem Open Access. Nie pobieramy żadnych opłat za przetwarzanie artykułów ani innych opłat za publikację. Takie podejście jest zgodne z naszą misją swobodnego i szerokiego rozpowszechniania najnowszych badań. OPIS „Transactions on Aerospace Research” jest czasopismo naukowe publikowane przez Sieć Badawczą Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa w Warszawie. Historia i misja Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa w Warszawie została pierwotnie założona jako Techniczne Zakłady Naukowe Lotnictwa w 1926 roku i odegrała kluczową rolę w testowaniu i rozwoju niemal wszystkich samolotów polskiej konstrukcji. Początki czasopisma sięgają wczesnej serii publikacji znanych jako „Raporty IBTL”. Po II wojnie światowej, w 1956 roku, Instytut rozpoczął wydawanie czasopisma naukowego pod nazwą „Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa”. W 2018 roku nazwa została zmieniona na obecną, czyli „Transactions on Aerospace Research", co odzwierciedla nasze zaangażowanie w bycie globalną platformą dla wszystkich naukowców zajmujących się lotnictwem i naukami kosmicznymi. Czasopismo „Transactions on Aerospace Research” ma za zadanie służyć jako dynamiczna platforma dla rozwoju i wymiany najnowszej wiedzy w dziedzinie badań lotniczych. Czasopismo odgrywa wyróżniającą się rolę w przybliżaniu wschodnioeuropejskich tradycji inżynierii lotniczej szerszej globalnej publiczności i integrowaniu ich z szerszymi tradycjami światowymi. Nieustannie dąży do wspierania innowacji i zachęcania do współpracy naukowców z różnych środowisk, przesuwając granice tego, co uważa się za możliwe w technologii lotniczej i nauce. „Transactions on Aerospace Research” stara się być liderem w kształtowaniu przyszłości inżynierii lotniczej i kosmicznej oraz znacząco przyczyniać się do ewolucji tej dziedziny poprzez podkreślanie najnowocześniejszych badań i ułatwianie dyskusji na temat pojawiających się trendów i wyzwań. Pod kierownictwem profesora Cezarego Galińskiego, redaktora naczelnego, nasze czasopismo konsekwentnie zyskuje na prestiżu i globalnym zasięgu. Na podstawie komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 17 lipca 2023 roku za artykuły publikowane na łamach Transactions on Aerospace Research przyznawane jest 20 punktów do dorobku naukowego. Zapewnienie jakościKażda praca złożona do czasopisma przechodzi rygorystyczny proces recenzji „podwójnie ślepej”, zapewniając najwyższe standardy doskonałości akademickiej. Jesteśmy indeksowani w wielu bazach danych badawczych, w tym w bazach danych ICI Journals Master List i BazTech, co podkreśla nasze zaangażowanie w jakość i dostępność publikacji naukowych. Archiwizacja i integralnośćJako przyszłościowe czasopismo naukowe staramy się zapewnić długowieczność i integralność naszych publikacji. Korzystamy z systemu archiwizacji Sciendo w Portico [https://www.portico.org/] w celu długoterminowej ochrony zasobów cyfrowych. Ponadto nasz udział w systemie Similarity Check gwarantuje oryginalność i wiarygodność publikowanych przez nas treści. Otwarty dostęp i opłatyTransactions on Aerospace Research jest czasopismem Open Access, oferującym większą widoczność i wpływ na pracę autorów. Nie pobieramy żadnych opłat za przetwarzanie artykułów ani innych opłat za publikację. Takie podejście jest zgodne z naszą misją swobodnego i szerokiego rozpowszechniania najnowszych badań. Koszty wydawnicze czasopisma pokrywane są głównie przez Dział Wydawnictw Naukowych Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz – Instytutu Lotnictwa w Warszawie, a dodatkowe środki pochodzą z Ministerstwa Edukacji Narodowej. Reklama i marketingCzasopismo nie prowadzi żadnych komercyjnych działań reklamowych ani marketingowych. Harmonogram wydawniczyCzasopismo jest publikowane cztery razy w roku, w miesiącach Marzec, Czerwiec, Wrzesień i Grudzień 