Plants are known to possess enormous profound benefits, which if well incorporated in daily living have the potential to influence our health in ways unexpected. However, it is worthy of note that certain plant components are known to be comprised of esters, inorganic and organic components, in some cases hydrocarbons which play a role in increasing the vitality of the human system. Certain plants are known to possess increased antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, carminative effects, repair of dead cells, ability to boost cardiovascular stability.
Fiber is of great importance in metabolic activity of our digestive system, and our overall health by improving blood cholesterol, abating lung and colon cancer and the prevention of diseases like diabetes. Over time, fibers have been obtained from husks of corn, stalks of cotton, straws of wheat, barley and rice and peels of plantain or banana, citrus husks amongst others (1).
Turmeric is mostly consumed as a yellow powdered spice with an aesthetic flavor and medicinal prowess capable of preserving the freshness of the product prepared. In traditional medicinal practices, turmeric has been used in its various forms to combat one or more health conditions ranging from stomach aches, to use as a blood purifier to the treatment of skill anomaly. However, the predominant application of turmeric is observed and described as antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, wound healing, venom antidotes and also hepatic-protective (3).
Only recently analyzed anti-oxidative potential in food products become a thing of worldwide acceptance and interest. Significant progress has been made in relation to anti-oxidative and anti-cancerous effect of bioactive components in food products, worthy of note in the curcuminoids derived from turmeric rhizomes (4).
Worthy of note is the attribute of turmeric which makes it a dye for artistic representation, for textile products, for use in drugs against cancer, dermatitis, AIDS. With regards to the significance which bioactive constituents in herba naturale wield, there is an ever-growing discontent with better extraction methods and detailed means of phenotyping these components. To this effect, various spectrometric methods have sufficed including the HPLC-MS, GC-MS amongst others (5).
The composition and volatility of
The rhizome is about 2-10 cm in length, cylindrical, ovoid, branched and deep in orange color. A recent report on methanol extract of a species of turmeric shown a significantly strong antifungal activity besides its known anti-bacterial activity (8). In general, essential oils from
Organic extracts of turmeric prevent curtailed DNA sabotage. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of this natural rhizome according to several studies appear to inhibit cancer induced by the cell cycle. Besides tumerone, curcumin is also an active agent in turmeric for in treating several types of cancer examples include breast cancer and lung cancer, by promoting cancer cell death, through curtailed immune responses in form of inflammation, and slowing down tumor growth. It also contains (Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)), which has proven potential to prevent cancerous cell development in the prostate as well as to inhibit secondary melanoma, the tumor of the brain, amongst others (10). One of the bottlenecks in the application of turmeric as a therapeutic agent is that it can be easily metabolized or broken down within the body which could result in double bonds in the reduction of di-bonds in heptadienedione chain. A secondary outcome of this will be the production of the active metabolite (1).
Many researchers have pointed out the ability of turmeric to exhibit anticancer activity with a dual-phase pattern which affects the proteasome, such that at decreased doses of application there will be higher inhibitory effects. As is rightly known, inhibition of proteasome has the potential to induce cell death however, its stimulation could also provoke cell stimulation for survival even though this is largely dependent on the application dosage. Cumulatively, various application doses of the turmeric extract could result in alternative cell death options, this is to say that low application doses might affect the pattern of apoptosis and oxidative stress, while the higher application doses might lead to reduced availability of ROS species (12).
Therefore, to this end, this research aims to describe succinctly the phytochemical components, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of turmeric (
All plant materials (dried powdered turmeric rhizomes) which are grown on a farm in Nicosia, Cyprus (Lat-Long: 35.050179, 33.716818) were collected, cleaned, freeze-dried at -80°C and ground into a fine powder by grinder. The method adapted for this extraction was as described by Kutti Gounder and Lingamallu (3). Turmeric (
The different solvent extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) according to certain conditions (13). The GC or GC–MS conditions were optimized based on the property of the various solvent extract. HP-5 fused silica capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm). Helium (purity 99.99%) was used as the carrier gas, with a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The column oven temperature was programmed from 50°C (hold 1 min) to 240°C (hold 10 min) at a 5°C/min rate.
The DPPH radical-scavenging activity was determined using the method shown by Tavares et al. (6). 100 μM DPPH was dissolved in pure methanol (96%). The stock solution was prepared fresh. The DPPH solution 3 ml was added to 1 ml of
Table 1 shows the occurrence of the various bioactive compound as observed by different organic solvents. Some compounds were in increased occurrence depending on the solvent of choice.
Showing the GC-MS profiling of
S/N | Chemical compound name | Retention times (Mins) | Molecular formula |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 4-hydroxy-3-(2-oxo-2h-1-oxa-3-phenanthryl)-2(1h)-quinolone | 5.583 | C10H7NO4 |
2 | 1,2,2-Trimethylcyclopropylamine | 7.717 | C6H13N |
3 | Glycine, N-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]carbonyl]-N-methyl- | 8.717 | C25H23NO6 |
44 | 1,E-1,Z-13-Octadecatriene | 15,517 | C18H32 |
5 | 13-Heptadecyn-1-ol (CAS) 1-HYDROXY HEPTADEC-13-YNE | 15.942 | CHO |
6 | Oleoylcholesterol | 16,267 | C45H78O2 |
7 | 1H-Purin-6-amine, [(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]- | 16,775 | C12H10FN5 |
8 | AR-TUMERONE | 18092 | C15H20O |
9 | ALPHA.-TUMERONE | 18642 | C15H2O |
10 | 6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid, phenyl methyl ester | 23933 | C19H32O2 |
11 | ARACHINSAEURE | 24383 | C20H40O2 |
The DPPH radical-scavenging activity evaluated to detect the antioxidant capacity of
Samples analyzed | IC50 values |
---|---|
Curcuma longa methanol extract | 3.2 mg/ml |
Ascorbic acid standard | 5 mg/ml |
The broth microdilution plates were prepared and read with a microplate reader at a wavelength of 630nm, it was observed in comparison with the 0.5 standard bacterial McFarland solution which has a standard turbidity measurement. Observably as the concentration of the treatment reduced, turbidity reduced likewise across test organisms. The MIC for this research was determined as the lowest concentration that didn’t have color change after inoculating the microorganism with a similar concentration as the McFarland standard. In Table 3, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration for
Showing the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for
Microorganisms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration (mg/ml) | 50 | 25 | 12.5 | 6.25 |
Methanol turmeric extract | - | - | + | + |
The comparison of zone diameters at the disc diffusion test showed that there is a significant difference between the
Showing the zone of inhibition for
Duncana CONS | N | Subset for alpha = .05 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
N (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) | 6 | 5,02 | ||
6 | 8,07 | |||
PEN (Penicillin G) | 6 | 8,21 | ||
CHL (Chloramphenicol) | 6 | 12,83 | ||
Sig. | 1,000 | ,791 | 1,000 |
Means for each tested samples in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 6,000.
Many researchers who tested different plant extracts against bacteria and yeast observed their antimicrobial activities. Plant extracts contain lots of active chemical compounds which show potential antimicrobial activities. Plants whose have especially rhizomes contain lots of active substances in terms of antimicrobial and anticancer activities.
It was gathered by the observation that the qualitative extraction of
This bottleneck is the rationale behind the focus of scientist on alternative orthodox or traditional means of sorting out human health problems by diet. Biomolecules have the ability.
Ascorbic acid was weighed and dissolved in both methanol. These methods were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of
The zones of inhibition were measured after plating on a Mueller-Hinton agar plate and compared to the standards penicillin G and chloramphenicol. The methanol extract of
Curcumin has shown potent antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal activity and other pharmacological actions since 1950. Nowadays, Curcumin has been sold globally as a food and health supplement mainly for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the GC-MS typing did not identify this curcumin, moreover research suggests that active agent for antimicrobial activity is curcumin. This indicates that different components other than curcumin, which are contained in
It has high potential to be developed into an antibiotic against Methicillin-resistant