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Figure 1
A- Effect of nematode infection on stem length of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh. B- Effect of nematode infection on fresh root weight of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh. The means with the same letter do not have significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 95% confidence level.
Figure 2
a,b: Penetration of J2 of Meloidogyne javanica in the root tip of pistachio rootstock roots after staining with acid fuchsin.
Figure 3
Dynamics of penetration and development of Meloidogyne javanica inside the roots of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh at 2 dpi, 4 dpi, 6 dpi, 10 dpi, 15 dpi, 21 dpi, 28 dpi, 35 dpi, and 45 dpi.
Figure 4
Development of Meloidogyne javanica in roots of pistachio rootstocks roots after staining with acid fuchsin. a,b: The J2 entering the vascular cylinder from the longitudinal growth area of the root; c,d: The J2 migrating in groups through the cortex; e: Midstages in vascular cylinder; f: female in vascular cylinder. Fe, female; J2, second-stage juvenile; Mid, third and fourth juveniles.
Figure 5
Resistance reaction of pistachio rootstocks roots to M. javanica, stained with acid fuchsin (cultivar Ghazvini); a: primary HR-like reaction led to the death of the J2, preventing them from progress; b: degeneration of J2 in the cortex; c–e: HR occurred in the vascular cylinder during the formation of feeding sites; f: degraded root tissue adjacent to the nematode feeding site due to HR (purple color) at 45 dpi. Male, female, and J2 could be seen simultaneously, and HR was activated around all of them. 1 and 2, two parts of the female torn due to cover slip pressure; D, degeneration; Fe, female; G, giant cell; HR, hypesnsetive respons; J2, second-stage juvenile; M, male; N, nematode.
Resistance rating scale for Meloidogyne javanica based on the GI or EMI and RF (Sasser et al., 1984).
GI or EMI
RF
Resistance degree
1
<0.1
Highly resistant
2
£1
Resistant
3
>1
Moderately resistant
4
>1
Susceptible
5
>10
Highly susceptible
Reaction of four pistachio rootstocks to Meloidogyne javanica.