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Penetration and Development of Meloidogyne javanica on Four Pistachio Rootstocks and Their Defense Responses

Fatemeh Shekari Mahoonaki

Fatemeh Shekari Mahoonaki

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhad, Iran
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Shekari Mahoonaki, Fatemeh
, 
Esmat Mahdikhani Moghadam

Esmat Mahdikhani Moghadam

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhad, Iran
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Mahdikhani Moghadam, Esmat
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Mohammad Zakiaghl

Mohammad Zakiaghl

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhad, Iran
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Zakiaghl, Mohammad
 y 
Majid Pedram

Majid Pedram

Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
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Pedram, Majid
  
20 ene 2023
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Categoría del artículo: Research Paper
Publicado en línea: 20 ene 2023
Recibido: 08 jun 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2022-0056
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© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

A- Effect of nematode infection on stem length of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh. B- Effect of nematode infection on fresh root weight of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh. The means with the same letter do not have significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 95% confidence level.
A- Effect of nematode infection on stem length of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh. B- Effect of nematode infection on fresh root weight of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh. The means with the same letter do not have significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 95% confidence level.

Figure 2

a,b: Penetration of J2 of Meloidogyne javanica in the root tip of pistachio rootstock roots after staining with acid fuchsin.
a,b: Penetration of J2 of Meloidogyne javanica in the root tip of pistachio rootstock roots after staining with acid fuchsin.

Figure 3

Dynamics of penetration and development of Meloidogyne javanica inside the roots of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh at 2 dpi, 4 dpi, 6 dpi, 10 dpi, 15 dpi, 21 dpi, 28 dpi, 35 dpi, and 45 dpi.
Dynamics of penetration and development of Meloidogyne javanica inside the roots of four pistachio rootstocks: Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh at 2 dpi, 4 dpi, 6 dpi, 10 dpi, 15 dpi, 21 dpi, 28 dpi, 35 dpi, and 45 dpi.

Figure 4

Development of Meloidogyne javanica in roots of pistachio rootstocks roots after staining with acid fuchsin. a,b: The J2 entering the vascular cylinder from the longitudinal growth area of the root; c,d: The J2 migrating in groups through the cortex; e: Midstages in vascular cylinder; f: female in vascular cylinder. Fe, female; J2, second-stage juvenile; Mid, third and fourth juveniles.
Development of Meloidogyne javanica in roots of pistachio rootstocks roots after staining with acid fuchsin. a,b: The J2 entering the vascular cylinder from the longitudinal growth area of the root; c,d: The J2 migrating in groups through the cortex; e: Midstages in vascular cylinder; f: female in vascular cylinder. Fe, female; J2, second-stage juvenile; Mid, third and fourth juveniles.

Figure 5

Resistance reaction of pistachio rootstocks roots to M. javanica, stained with acid fuchsin (cultivar Ghazvini); a: primary HR-like reaction led to the death of the J2, preventing them from progress; b: degeneration of J2 in the cortex; c–e: HR occurred in the vascular cylinder during the formation of feeding sites; f: degraded root tissue adjacent to the nematode feeding site due to HR (purple color) at 45 dpi. Male, female, and J2 could be seen simultaneously, and HR was activated around all of them. 1 and 2, two parts of the female torn due to cover slip pressure; D, degeneration; Fe, female; G, giant cell; HR, hypesnsetive respons; J2, second-stage juvenile; M, male; N, nematode.
Resistance reaction of pistachio rootstocks roots to M. javanica, stained with acid fuchsin (cultivar Ghazvini); a: primary HR-like reaction led to the death of the J2, preventing them from progress; b: degeneration of J2 in the cortex; c–e: HR occurred in the vascular cylinder during the formation of feeding sites; f: degraded root tissue adjacent to the nematode feeding site due to HR (purple color) at 45 dpi. Male, female, and J2 could be seen simultaneously, and HR was activated around all of them. 1 and 2, two parts of the female torn due to cover slip pressure; D, degeneration; Fe, female; G, giant cell; HR, hypesnsetive respons; J2, second-stage juvenile; M, male; N, nematode.

Resistance rating scale for Meloidogyne javanica based on the GI or EMI and RF (Sasser et al_, 1984)_

GI or EMI RF Resistance degree
1 <0.1 Highly resistant
2 £1 Resistant
3 >1 Moderately resistant
4 >1 Susceptible
5 >10 Highly susceptible

Reaction of four pistachio rootstocks to Meloidogyne javanica_

Pistachio EMI (g root)-1 GI (g root)-1 RF Resistance
rootstock
Badami 33.41a 64.18a 4.43a S
Ghazvini 12.26c 29.98b 1.37b MR
Sarakhs 16.49b 27.14b 1.27b MR
Baneh 8.49d 17.23c 0.25c R
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