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Interprofessional cooperation by midwives in the field of out-of-hospital obstetrical care: an integrative review / Interprofessionelle Kooperation von Hebammen im Handlungsfeld der ambulanten geburtshilflichen Versorgung: ein integratives Review


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Figure 1

PRISMA flow chart illustrating the exclusion process
PRISMA flow chart illustrating the exclusion process

Details and critique of the qualitative papers included in the thematic analysis

Authors, year, countryResearch aimSampleMethodsQuality score (CASP, 2013)
Barimani & Hylander (2008), SwedenExploring health care professionals’ experience of cooperation in the chain of care between antenatal care, postpartum care and child health caren=32 19 midwives 13 child health care nursesFocus groups, individual interviews9
Barimani & Hylander (2012), SwedenInvestigating strategies for continuity of care for expectant and new mothersn=41 9 midwives 11 child health care nurses 21 mothersInterviews, participant observation, document analysis9
Edvardsson et al. (2011), SwedenExploring facilitators, barriers and requirements for programme sustainability two years after finalizing implementation of a multisectoral child health promotion programmen=23 5 midwives 7 child health nurses 7 dental nurses 4 pre-school teachersFace-to-face interviews10
Homer et al. (2009), AustraliaDescribing current approaches to transitions of care from midwives to child and family health nurses; Understanding the barriers and facilitators to effective transition of caren=67 19 midwifery managers 14 midwifery consultants, community midwives 12 child and family health nurse managers 13 child and family health nurse consultants 4 family coordinators 5 othersQuestionnaire with a series of open-end questions10
Miers & Pollard (2009), United KingdomExploring non-medical health and social care professionals’ views on the abilities they need to collaboraten=34 13 nurses 4 midwives 5 physiotherapists 7 social workers 4 occupational therapistsFace-to-face and telephone interviews5
Munro, Kornelsen, & Grzybowski (2013), CanadaExploring barriers to and facilitators of interprofessional models of maternity care between physicians, nurses and midwives in rural British Columbian=73 7 midwives 27 physicians 18 nurses 5 community-based providers 5 birthing women 5 administrators 6 decision makersIn depth-interviews, focus group10
Murray-Davis, Marshall, & Gordon (2011), United KingdomUnderstanding midwives’ perceptions regarding interprofessional working and learning and its relevance to midwifery caren=39 11 heads of midwifery 16 midwifery educators 12 newly qualified midwivesInterviews, focus groups9
Peterson, Medves, Davies, & Graham (2007), CanadaDescribing care providers’ attitudes towards multidisciplinary maternity care and facilitators of and barriers to collaborative maternity caren=25 participants from national care provider associations: 4 Association of Family Physicians 5 Association of Midwives 3 Nurses Association 4 Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 4 Society of Rural Physicians 5 Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal NursesTelephone interviews8
Pollard (2011), United KingdomExploring how midwives’ discursive practices relate to the status quo and how they contribute either to maintaining or challenging traditional discoursesn=32 (interviews) 20 midwives 4 obstetricians 8 women n=88 (observation) 32 midwives 4 administrative staff 27 medical staff 5 students 10 auxiliaries 6 other hospital staff 4 womenInterviews, observation9
Psaila, Fowler, Kruske,& Schmied (2014), AustraliaDescribing innovations developed to improve transition of care between maternity and child and family health services at seven sites across four Australian states; Identifying the characteristics common to all innovationsn=33 midwives, managers, child and family health nurses, GP’s, support workers, allied health staff, Aboriginal health workers, community health professionals number of each profession not statedFace-to-face and telephone interviews, focus groups9
Schmied et al., (2015), AustraliaExploring professionals perceptions’ of the challenges and opportunities in implementing a national approach to universal child and family health services across Australian=161 60 child and family health nurses 45 midwives 15 GP’s 12 practice nurses 14 allied health professionals 7 childhood specialists 6 staff from non-government organisations 2 government advisorsFocus groups via telephone conference and face-to-face, discussion groups at national conferences, videoconference, teleconference, e-conversation, one-to-one interviews10
Schölmerich et al. (2014), NetherlandsExploring factors that make it challenging to achieve coordination in Dutch midwifery and obstetricsn=40 13 community midwives 8 hospital-based-midwives 19 obstetriciansSemi-structured interviews, non-participatory observation10
While, Murgatroyd, Ullman, & Forbes (2006), United KingdomExploring nurses’, midwives’ and health visitors’ experiences of cross-boundary workingn=113 16 midwives 66 nurses 14 health visitors 3 GP’s 4 social workers 2 Sure Start workers 3 service users 5 othersWorld café focus group method5

Details and critique of the mixed-methods papers included in the thematic analysis

Authors, year, countryResearch aimSampleMethodsCritique – Strategic questions to trigger critical thinking (Aveyard, Sharp, & Wooliams, 2011)
Psaila, Schmied, Fowler, & Kruske (2015), AustraliaExamine collaboration in the provision of universal health services for children and families in AustraliaPhase 1: n=105 45 midwives 60 child and family health nurses Phase 2: n=l,753 655 midwives 1098 child and family health nursesPhase 1: Discussion groups, focus groups, teleconferences Phase 2: Online surveyMeets criteria

Clear purpose and background

Appropriate methods

Methods of data analysis described and justified

Conclusion reflects the findings

Shaw (2013), United KingdomExploring midwives’, general practioners’ and maternity services planers’ views of collaborative working in the communityQuestionnaire: 10 community midwives, senior partners from 20 GP practices exact number notstatedInterviews (n=5): 6 participants profession notspecifiedProfessional forum: midwives, GP’s, midwifery advisor, representatives from Public Health Agency number of eachprofession notspecifiedQuestionnaire, semi-structured interviews, professional forumMeets criteria with restrictions

Clear purpose and background

Appropriate methods

Sample not adequately described

Data collection and analysis strategy of professional forum not adequately described

Findings cannot be generalised

Conclusion reflects the findings

The contribution of each paper to the thematic analysis

Details and critique of the quantitative papers included in the thematic analysis

Authors, year, countryResearch aimSampleMethodsCritique – Framework according to Caldwell, Henshaw, & Taylor (2011)
Ayerle, Mattern, & Fleischer (2014), GermanyCollecting data on freelance midwives’ knowledge and attitudes regarding early prevention in Saxony- Anhalt42 community midwivesOnline survey based on questionnaireMeets criteria with restrictions

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample size not representative

Data collection instruments appropriate to study aims

Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Clancy, Gressnes, & Svensson (2013), NorwayExamining collaboration issues relating to public health nursing in different-sized Norwegian municipalitiesn=l,596849 public health nurses113 doctors519 child protection workers115 midwivesCross-sectional online survey based on questionnaireMeets criteria

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample adequately described

Data collection instruments appropriate to study aims

Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Edvardsson et al. (2012), SwedenExamining the outcomes of a child health promotion programme on professionals’ self-reported health promotion practices and to investigate perceived facilitators and barriers for programme implementationSurvey 1:Pre-implementation:n=13430 midwives80 nurses24 pre-schoolteachersPost-implementation:n=10922 midwives67 nurses20 pre-schoolteachersSurvey 2:Occasion 1: n=142midwives, nurses,pre-school teachersOccasion 2: n=98midwives, nurses,pre-school teachersnumber of eachprofession not statedin survey 2Two surveys based on questionnaireSurvey 1: Onlinesurvey (before-and after design)Survey 2:Quantitativesurvey withqualitativeelements carriedout betweenseminarsMeets criteria

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample adequately described

Data collection instruments appropriate to study aims

Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Fontein-Kuipers, Bude, Ausems, Vries, & Nieuwenhuijze (2014), NetherlandsExploring the behavioural intentions of antenatal management of maternal distress and examine the factors that influence those intentions112 midwives based in the communityExploratory online survey based on questionnaireMeets criteria

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample adequately described

Data collection instruments appropriate to study aims

Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Nagel-Brotzler, Bronner, Hornstein, & Albani (2005), GermanyInvestigating midwives’ experience, knowledge and multiprofessional cooperation in the context of psychic disturbances in early motherhood111 midwivesTelephone survey or personal questioning based on a questionnaire or participants completed a questionnaireMeets criteria with restrictions

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample size not representative

Data collection instruments appropriate to study aims

Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Psaila, Kruske, Fowler, Homer, & Schmied (2014), AustraliaExploring the transition of care between maternity services to child and family health servicesn=l,753 655 midwives 1098 child and family health nursesQuantitative online and mail survey with qualitative elements based on questionnaireMeets criteria

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample adequately described

Data collection instruments appropriate to study aims

Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Ratti, Ross, Stephanson, & Williamson (2014), CanadaIdentifying barriers and effective working relationship between physicians and midwives, find ways to improve the quality of professional interactionsn=144 25 midwives 73 family physicians 46 obstetriciansMail survey based on questionnaireMeets criteria with restrictions

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample adequately described

Method of data collection not validated

Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Skinner & Foureur (2010), New ZealandDescribing midwives’ obstetric consultation and referral practices and their perceptions concerning the quality of their professional relationships with obstetricians311 midwivesMail survey based on questionnaireMeets criteria

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample adequately described

Data collection instruments appropriate to

study aims

Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Smith et al. (2009), CanadaEliciting care providers’ opinions regarding seven proposed models of maternity care, barriers to collaborative interprofessional practice and factors that would encourage the practice of intrapartum caren=l,167 258 midwives 414 obstetricians 495 family physicians own calculations, because in the study response rate is calculated in percentMail survey based on questionnaireMeets criteria with restrictions

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample size not adequately described

Data collection instruments appropriate to study aims Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Vedam et al. (2012), CanadaDescribing educational, practical and personal experiences related to home birth, identify barriers to provision of planned home birth servicesn=835 451 midwives 245 obstetricians 139 family physiciansOnline survey based on questionnaireMeets criteria with restrictions

Aim of study clearly stated

Study design clearly identified

Population identified

Sample size of family physicians not representative Data collection instruments appropriate to study aims Method of data analysis described and justified

Results appropriate and clear

Comprehensive discussion and conclusion

Overview of studies excluded from analysis

First author and year

The complete references of studies excluded can be requested from the author.

TitleReason for exclusion
Beldon (2005)Health promotion in pregnancy: The role of the midwifeNot on topic
Borrow (2011)Community-based child health nurses: An exploration of current practicePublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Caldwell (2006)Preparing for practice: How well are practitioners prepared for teamworkPublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Colvin (2013)A systematic review of qualitative evidence on barriers and facilitators to the implementation of task-shifting in midwifery servicesNot on topic
Crotty (2012)Helping and hindering: Perceptions of enablers and barriers to collaboration within a rural South Australian mental health networkPublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
D’Amour (2005)The conceptual basis for interprofessional collaboration: Core concepts and theoretical frameworksFocus on terminology and conceptual basis
Downe (2010)Creating a collaborative culture in maternity careFocus on terminology and conceptual basis
Harris (2012)Effect of a collaborative interdisciplinary maternity care program on perinatal outcomesPublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Heatley (2011)Defining collaboration in Australian maternity careFocus on terminology and conceptual basis
Lane (2006)The plasticity of professional boundaries: A case study of collaborative care in maternity servicesFocus on hospital setting
Larsson (2009)Professional role and identity in a changing society: Three paradoxes in Swedish midwives’ experiencesFocus on hospital setting
Lavender (2004)An exploration of midwives’ views of the current system of maternity care in EnglandNot on topic
Lipp (2008)A woman centred service in termination of pregnancy: A grounded theory studyNot on topic
Manniën (2012)Evaluation of primary care midwifery in the Netherlands: Design and rationale of a dynamic cohort study (DELIVER)Publication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Mclntyre (2012)The struggle for contested boundaries in the move to collaborative care teams in Australian maternity careNot empirical
McKenna (2009)Health care managers’ perspectives on new nursing and midwifery roles: Perceived impact on patient care and cost effectivenessNot on topic
Martin (2010)Developing interdisciplinary maternity services policy in Canada. Evaluation of a consensus workshopPublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Peterson (2013)Most family physicians work routinely with nurse practitioners, physician assistants, or certified nurse midwivesPublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Psaila, Schmied (2014)Discontinuities between maternity and child and family health services: Health professional’s perceptionsNot on topic
Schmied (2010)The nature and impact of collaboration and integrated service delivery for pregnant women, children and familiesDiscursive paper that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area, one study already included (Homer et al., 2009)
Sheehan (2007)Comparison of language used and patterns of communication in interprofessional and multidisciplinary teamsFocus on terminology and conceptual basis
Smith (2015)Midwife-physician collaboration: A conceptual framework for interprofessional collaborative practicePublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Stamp (2008)Aboriginal maternal and infant care workers: Partners in caring for Aboriginal mothers and babiesNot on topic
Stevens (2012)Description of a successful collaborative birth center practice among midwives and an obstetricianPublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Supper (2015)Interprofessional collaboration in primary health care: A review of facilitators and barriers perceived by involved actorsLiterature review including 44 articles: three studies focus on midwifery: one is out of research period, two met the exclusion criteria
Vedam (2014)Transfer from planned home birth to hospital: Improving interprofessional collaborationPublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Zwarenstein (2009)Interprofessional collaboration: Effects of practice-based interventions on professional practice and healthcare outcomesPublication that does not present the perspective of midwives in its results as a stated focus area
Xyrichis (2008)What fosters or prevents interprofessional teamworking in primary and community care? A literature reviewLiterature review including 10 articles: four studies focus on midwifery: three are out of research period, one met the exclusion criteria
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