About this article
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Jun 30, 2020
Page range: 97 - 110
Received: Jun 17, 2019
Accepted: Sep 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2019-0034
Keywords
© 2020 Katarzyna Staszewska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3
![Results of displacement-controlled load tests on floating CSV (Combined Soil Stabilization with Vertical Columns) micropiles after Vermeer and Leoni [5].
s˙\dot s
is the penetration rate and a is its reference value.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=2b7f2dd35689b2829d88b56e45f4266e7fc47aba545d46733f2538a67b43b4a5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
![Results of the shallow foundation load test on dense sand after Briaud and Gibbens [8].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=8ca1f1a4372d0673d2d56c149a55839bd7d8ff9dbb47bb92fd058d77c88ef05b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5

Figure 6
![Creep during primary consolidation according to hypotheses A and B after Degago [10].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6c49630ab5fef9eb23e1028d0af67817a62c4cfbab3e0d03b7e1d081eff013eb&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7
![System of isochrones describing the compressibility characteristics of soft soils after Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1cb6ab7195a6c1e34cd353d28d80453b3f8cb5f6432e2e904d5d5c60abae89de&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
![Instant and delayed deformations according to Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e13c13d8ff509f5e45d20956ba2ff90832224d5d3e06667ec1e7d159eafaf9f0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 9
![Time- and stress-compressibility interrelationship after Mesri and Godlewski [15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=42259ce0ae2a07939cf9bf8b2990c4954680a8c619422ade775ae2a0bd8e62b4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 10

Figure 11
![MCC model – the real yield surface known from high accuracy experiments, for example, [38, 43], is indicated with grey colour. MCS is the slope of the CSL [24].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7b780e225ded15c15cdf452eaf91f5365c113f683d8029fa317afca254b2c659&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16
![The Leoni model [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5d2710dc8efb699495d01f361a69bbdb70f69f81b3b4b13b7513cada5d79fb8e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 17
![The Sivasithamparam et al.'s model [41].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=9d636fcf43ead2193ef933432dce82397499d2183a754f0a4f596859886383a0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 18
![The Niemunis and Grandas-Tavera model [40]. MCSc and MCSe are the slopes of the CSL for triaxial compression and extension, respectively. MΩ denotes the slope of the CSL by the current Ω.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250922%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250922T035853Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=edda6373d94a8c7dea488a4aa92332166c645f74bfdbddfe4a1fb97929700962&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)