Css_1 | Soil | 37.59 mg/kg | 16.88 mg/kg |
Css_2 | Soil | 25.70 mg/kg | 11.66 mg/kg |
Css_3 | Soil | 34.43 mg/kg | 14.72 mg/kg |
Css_4 | Soil | 22.52 mg/kg | 14.77 mg/kg |
Css_5 | Soil | 929.44 mg/kg | 14.54 mg/kg |
Css_6 | Soil | 79.55 mg/kg | 15.91 mg/kg |
Css_7 | Soil | 36.85 mg/kg | 13.11 mg/kg |
Css_8 | Soil | 34.86 mg/kg | 10.54 mg/kg |
Css_9 | Soil | 44.73 mg/kg | 12.15 mg/kg |
Css_10 | Soil | 41.93 mg/kg | 15.81 mg/kg |
Cbw_1 | Water | 0.22 mg/l | 0.09 mg/l |
Cbw_2 | Water | 0.13 mg/l | 0.29 mg/l |
Pw_1 | Water | 5.78 mg/l | 0.86 mg/l |
Pw_2 | Water | 5.14 mg/l | 1.11 mg/l |
Sw_1 | Water (control) | 0.61 mg/l | 0.17 mg/l |
Sw_2 | Water | 2.08 mg/l | 0.86 mg/l |
Contaminated soil | 22.52–929.44 | 10.54–16.88 | |
Olawoyin et al. [ |
7,878.8–76,510.9 | 31.4–132.0 | |
Adedosu et al. [ |
575.96–1,202.47 | 7.40–78.30 | |
Udoetok and Osuji Leo [ |
77.64–3,946.58 | 8.16–3,756.81 | |
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) [ |
10 | No limit | |
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) [ |
No limit | 1.00 | |
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [ |
No limit | 1.00 | |
Borehole | 0.13–0.22 | 0.09–0.29 | |
Olawoyin et al. [ |
No limit | 119.90–450.58 | |
Ibezue et al. [ |
0.03–0.422 | 0.002–0.007 | |
WHO | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | |
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) [ |
No limit | 0.1 | |
Surface water | 0.61–2.08 | 0.17–0.86 | |
Inyang et al. [ |
2.5–183.0 | No limit | |
European Union Environmental Protection Agency (EUEPA) [ |
0.3 | No limit | |
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) [ |
No limit | 0.0001 | |
WHO | No limit | 0.05 | |
Contaminated water | 5.14–5.78 | 0.86–1.11 | |
Inyang et al. [ |
2.5–183.0 | No limit | |
European Union Environmental Protection Agency (EUEPA) [ |
0.3 | No limit | |
WHO | No limit | 0.05 |
Nap | BDL | 0.04 | 0.098 | 0.043 | BDL | 0.046 | 0.814 | 0.819 | 0.809 | 0.758 | 1.228 | 1.004 | 0.913 | 0.807 | 0.746 | 0.788 |
Mnap | BDL | BDL | 0.066 | 0.176 | BDL | 0.064 | 1.814 | 1.007 | 1.356 | 1.106 | 3.249 | 1.548 | 1.264 | 1.093 | 1.235 | 1.350 |
Acep | BDL | BDL | 0.056 | 0.037 | BDL | 0.066 | 3.352 | 1.148 | 1.666 | 0.683 | 1.459 | 2.311 | 1.672 | 1.340 | 1.740 | 1.830 |
Ace | BDL | 0.07 | 0.081 | 0.087 | BDL | 0.073 | 1.404 | 1.437 | 1.420 | 1.558 | 3.020 | 1.536 | 1.401 | 1.410 | 1.376 | 1.433 |
Fl | BDL | BDL | 0.036 | 0.173 | BDL | 0.042 | 0.768 | BDL | 0.697 | 1.216 | 1.085 | 0.959 | 0.706 | 0.697 | 0.769 | 0.771 |
Phe | BDL | 0.06 | 0.061 | 0.048 | BDL | 0.057 | 0.985 | 1.041 | 1.032 | 1.027 | 0.174 | 1.509 | 0.961 | 0.803 | 0.801 | 0.958 |
Ant | BDL | 0.01 | 0.010 | 0.133 | 0.166 | 0.017 | 0.364 | 0.274 | 0.375 | 0.744 | 0.111 | 1.632 | 0.336 | 0.222 | 0.233 | 0.265 |
Flu | BDL | 0.05 | 0.046 | 0.040 | BDL | 0.057 | 0.924 | 0.906 | 1.156 | 0.841 | 0.088 | 0.301 | 1.027 | 0.759 | 0.747 | 0.927 |
Pyr | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.146 | 0.250 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
BaA | BDL | BDL | 0.133 | 0.050 | BDL | 0.015 | 0.299 | BDL | 0.313 | 0.707 | 0.259 | 0.134 | 0.292 | 0.124 | 0.104 | 0.269 |
Chr | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.205 | 0.137 | BDL | 0.033 | 1.217 | 0.296 | 0.758 | 1.265 | 0.108 | 0.483 | 0.620 | 0.241 | 0.491 | 0.082 |
BbF | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.010 | 0.042 | BDL | 0.105 | 1.592 | 0.728 | 0.506 | 2.668 | 0.085 | 0.447 | 0.501 | 0.108 | 1.149 | 0.066 |
BkF | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.018 | 0.010 | BDL | 0.018 | 0.860 | 0.320 | 0.199 | 0.434 | 0.269 | 0.169 | 0.393 | 0.157 | 0.242 | 0.248 |
BaP | 0.02 | BDL | BDL | 0.025 | BDL | 0.015 | 0.252 | 0.215 | 0.883 | 0.228 | 0.091 | 0.366 | 0.167 | 0.413 | 0.203 | 0.283 |
DahA | BDL | BDL | 0.026 | 0.012 | BDL | 0.014 | 0.202 | 0.211 | 0.290 | 0.194 | 0.065 | 0.151 | 0.359 | 0.516 | 0.263 | 0.295 |
InP | 0.01 | BDL | BDL | 0.038 | BDL | 0.114 | 0.912 | 1.895 | 0.407 | 0.665 | 0.562 | 0.396 | 0.598 | 0.659 | 0.182 | 3.374 |
BghiP | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.060 | BDL | 0.126 | 1.119 | 1.362 | 2.852 | 0.673 | 2.545 | 2.722 | 1.899 | 1.193 | 1.869 | 2.870 |
Total | 0.09 | 0.3 | 0.856 | 1.109 | 0.166 | 0.863 | 16.879 | 11.657 | 14.720 | 14.768 | 14.543 | 15.917 | 13.108 | 10.544 | 12.151 | 15.807 |
Mean | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.050 | 0.065 | 0.010 | 0.051 | 0.993 | 0.688 | 0.866 | 0.869 | 0.855 | 0.936 | 0.771 | 0.620 | 0.715 | 0.930 |
C8 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.11 | BDL | 0.51 | 12.76 | 1.13 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 2.38 | BDL | 1.32 | 1.44 | 1.77 | 9.42 |
C9 | BDL | BDL | 0.02 | 0.01 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C10 | BDL | BDL | 0.81 | 0.17 | BDL | 0.01 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.94 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.29 | 0.59 |
C11 | BDL | BDL | 0.08 | 0.04 | BDL | 0.04 | 1.63 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 11.06 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.53 |
C12 | BDL | BDL | 0.18 | 0.11 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 6.35 | BDL | BDL | 0.06 | BDL | 0.04 |
C13 | BDL | BDL | 0.23 | 0.18 | BDL | 0.14 | 2.43 | 0.36 | 0.46 | BDL | 11.24 | BDL | BDL | 0.18 | 1.28 | 3.06 |
C14 | BDL | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.42 | 47.91 | 0.09 | BDL | 0.17 | 0.57 | 0.56 |
C15 | BDL | BDL | 0.31 | 0.23 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.06 | 48.04 | 0.88 | 0.13 | 0.29 | BDL | BDL |
C16 | BDL | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.85 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.69 | 29.37 | 3.90 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.95 | 0.89 |
C17 | BDL | BDL | 0.31 | 0.25 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 9.39 | 6.82 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C18 | BDL | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 17.20 | 7.94 | 0.13 | BDL | 0.93 | 0.64 |
C19 | BDL | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.02 | BDL | BDL | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 16.14 | 7.08 | BDL | 0.19 | 0.14 | BDL |
C20 | BDL | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.39 | 1.18 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 24.05 | 7.78 | 1.24 | 1.36 | 1.65 | 0.74 |
C21 | BDL | BDL | 0.20 | 0.19 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.12 | 15.49 | 6.19 | 0.04 | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C22 | BDL | BDL | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.37 | 0.57 | 0.28 | BDL | 15.23 | 5.27 | 1.49 | 1.71 | 0.45 | 0.17 |
C23 | 0.01 | BDL | 0.26 | 0.17 | BDL | BDL | 0.13 | BDL | BDL | 0.24 | 11.69 | 4.35 | BDL | 0.42 | BDL | BDL |
C24 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.03 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.60 | 1.62 | 19.32 | 4.16 | 0.38 | 0.34 | BDL | 0.05 |
C25 | 0.02 | BDL | 0.30 | 0.17 | BDL | BDL | 0.40 | BDL | BDL | 0.19 | 13.90 | 3.17 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C26 | 0.02 | BDL | 0.12 | 0.16 | BDL | 0.04 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 1.01 | 0.74 | 12.47 | 2.75 | 1.40 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 0.96 |
C27 | 0.02 | BDL | 0.14 | 0.14 | BDL | BDL | 0.59 | BDL | BDL | 0.31 | 10.58 | 2.44 | BDL | 0.19 | BDL | BDL |
C28 | 0.01 | BDL | 0.11 | 0.12 | BDL | 0.03 | 0.86 | 0.30 | 0.71 | 0.54 | 18.87 | 1.93 | 0.96 | 1.18 | 0.80 | 0.68 |
C29 | BDL | BDL | 0.08 | 0.10 | BDL | BDL | 0.24 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 30.88 | 1.19 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C30 | BDL | BDL | 0.08 | 0.05 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 29.12 | 0.29 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C31 | BDL | BDL | 0.08 | 0.08 | BDL | BDL | 1.06 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 15.14 | 1.11 | 0.63 | 0.32 | BDL | BDL |
C32 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.11 | BDL | 2.47 | 4.62 | 0.72 | 4.53 | BDL | BDL | 0.44 | 5.40 | 3.79 |
C33 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.31 | BDL | 0.40 | 5.05 | 8.38 | 12.62 | 2.20 | 13.12 | BDL | 3.23 | 4.24 | 13.73 | 10.84 |
C34 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 15.04 | 3.88 | 3.66 | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C35 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 0.07 | BDL | BDL | BDL | 11.16 | BDL | 6.12 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C36 | 0.13 | BDL | BDL | 0.75 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 8.12 | 7.66 | BDL | 6.97 | 11.78 | BDL | 9.81 | 7.43 | 12.83 | 11.78 |
C37 | BDL | BDL | 0.15 | BDL | 0.26 | 0.65 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 5.90 | BDL | 9.99 | 11.26 | BDL | BDL |
C38 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 2.27 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C39 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
C40 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
PRISTANE | BDL | BDL | 0.27 | 0.16 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | 5.32 | 392.91 | 6.70 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
PHYTANE | BDL | BDL | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.08 | BDL | BDL | 1.67 | BDL | 0.56 | 61.00 | 1.64 | 2.12 | 2.10 | BDL | BDL |
Pr/nC17 | 0 | 0 | 0.90 | 0.63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41.84 | 0.98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0.22 | 0.13 | 5.78 | 5.14 | 0.61 | 2.08 | 37.59 | 25.69 | 34.43 | 22.52 | 929.44 | 79.55 | 36.85 | 34.86 | 44.73 | 41.94 |
ΣLMW/ΣHMW | <1 | Pyrogenic | Zhang et al. [ |
0–2.45 | Petrogenic/pyrogenic |
>1 | Petrogenic | ||||
Fl(Fl + Pyr) | <0.5 | Petroleum Emissions | Ravindra et al. [ |
0–0.4 | Petroleum emissions |
>0.5 | Diesel Emissions | ||||
Ant(Phe + Ant) | <0.1 | Pyrogenic | Pies et al. [ |
0–0.21 | Petrogenic/pyrogenic |
>0.1 | Petrogenic | ||||
Flu(Flu + Pyr) | <0.4 | Petrogenic Fossil fuel Combustion Grass, wood, coal combustion | De La Torre-Roche et al. [ |
0–0.4 | Petrogenic/mixed source of fossil fuel and combustion |
0.4–0.5 | |||||
>0.5 | |||||
BaA/(BaA + Chr) | 0.2–0.35 | Coal combustion | Akyüz and Çabuk [ |
0–0.31 | Coal combustion/petrogenic |
>0.35 | Vehicular emission | ||||
<0.2 | Petrogenic | Yunker et al. [ |
|||
>0.35 | Combustion | ||||
InP/(InP + BghiP) | <0.2 | Petrogenic | Yunker et al. [ |
0–0.23 | Petrogenic/petroleum combustion |
0.2–0.5 | Petroleum Combustion | ||||
>0.5 | Grass, Wood, Coal Combustion |
Cbw_1 | 0.29 | 1.81 |
Cbw_2 | 0.06 | 0 |
Pw_1 | 0.76 | 0.82 |
Pw_2 | 0.71 | 0.79 |
Sw_1 | 2.14 | 0 |
Sw_2 | 1.47 | 0 |
Css_1 | 0.44 | 0.21 |
Css_2 | 0.60 | 0 |
Css_3 | 2.46 | 0 |
Css_4 | 0.24 | 0.27 |
Css_5 | 0.85 | 0.72 |
Css_6 | 0.87 | 0.94 |
Css_7 | 0.68 | 0.006 |
Css_8 | 1.09 | 0.31 |
Css_9 | 0.57 | 0 |
Css_10 | 0.48 | 0 |
Mean | 0.86 | 0.37 |