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Geochemical Fingerprinting pf Oil-Impacted Soil and Water Samples In Some Selected Areas in the Niger Delta

Adeola V. Adeniyi
Adeola V. Adeniyi
, 
Matthew E. Nton
Matthew E. Nton
 y 
Falode O. Adebanjo
Falode O. Adebanjo
   | 08 may 2021
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Article Category: Original Scientific Article
Publicado en línea: 08 may 2021
Páginas: 209 - 219
Recibido: 17 feb 2021
Aceptado: 19 feb 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2020-0017
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© 2021 Adeola V. Adeniyi et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Geological map of the Niger Delta region showing the study area (modified after Geological Map of Niger Delta [8]).
Geological map of the Niger Delta region showing the study area (modified after Geological Map of Niger Delta [8]).

Figure 2

Map of study area showing the sample points (insert: map of Nigeria showing the Niger Delta region).
Map of study area showing the sample points (insert: map of Nigeria showing the Niger Delta region).

Figure 3

The spatial distribution of the PAH rings in the water and soil samples. PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
The spatial distribution of the PAH rings in the water and soil samples. PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Results of concentration of the AHs and PAHs present in the soil and water samples

Sample name Sample medium AHs PAHs
Css_1 Soil 37.59 mg/kg 16.88 mg/kg
Css_2 Soil 25.70 mg/kg 11.66 mg/kg
Css_3 Soil 34.43 mg/kg 14.72 mg/kg
Css_4 Soil 22.52 mg/kg 14.77 mg/kg
Css_5 Soil 929.44 mg/kg 14.54 mg/kg
Css_6 Soil 79.55 mg/kg 15.91 mg/kg
Css_7 Soil 36.85 mg/kg 13.11 mg/kg
Css_8 Soil 34.86 mg/kg 10.54 mg/kg
Css_9 Soil 44.73 mg/kg 12.15 mg/kg
Css_10 Soil 41.93 mg/kg 15.81 mg/kg
Cbw_1 Water 0.22 mg/l 0.09 mg/l
Cbw_2 Water 0.13 mg/l 0.29 mg/l
Pw_1 Water 5.78 mg/l 0.86 mg/l
Pw_2 Water 5.14 mg/l 1.11 mg/l
Sw_1 Water (control) 0.61 mg/l 0.17 mg/l
Sw_2 Water 2.08 mg/l 0.86 mg/l

Comparison of AH and PAH present in the studied samples with those found in some other areas in the Niger Delta and some regulatory standards

Sample medium Reference AHs (mg/l) PAHs (mg/l)
Contaminated soil Present study 22.52–929.44 10.54–16.88
Olawoyin et al. [14] 7,878.8–76,510.9 31.4–132.0
Adedosu et al. [12] 575.96–1,202.47 7.40–78.30
Udoetok and Osuji Leo [24] 77.64–3,946.58 8.16–3,756.81
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) [9] 10 No limit
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) [15] No limit 1.00
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [10] No limit 1.00
Borehole Present study 0.13–0.22 0.09–0.29
Olawoyin et al. [14] No limit 119.90–450.58
Ibezue et al. [29] 0.03–0.422 0.002–0.007
WHO 0.0002 0.0002
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) [15] No limit 0.1
Surface water Present study 0.61–2.08 0.17–0.86
Inyang et al. [30] 2.5–183.0 No limit
European Union Environmental Protection Agency (EUEPA) [25] 0.3 No limit
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) [15] No limit 0.0001
WHO No limit 0.05
Contaminated water Present study 5.14–5.78 0.86–1.11
Inyang et al. [30] 2.5–183.0 No limit
European Union Environmental Protection Agency (EUEPA) [25] 0.3 No limit
WHO No limit 0.05

Occurrence and spatial distribution of PAHs in the soil and water samples

PAHs Water samples (mg/l) Soil samples (mg/kg)
Cbw_1 Cbw_2 Pw_1 Pw_2 Sw_1 Sw_2 Css_1 Css_2 Css_3 Css_4 Css_5 Css_6 Css_7 Css_8 Css_9 Css_10
Nap BDL 0.04 0.098 0.043 BDL 0.046 0.814 0.819 0.809 0.758 1.228 1.004 0.913 0.807 0.746 0.788
Mnap BDL BDL 0.066 0.176 BDL 0.064 1.814 1.007 1.356 1.106 3.249 1.548 1.264 1.093 1.235 1.350
Acep BDL BDL 0.056 0.037 BDL 0.066 3.352 1.148 1.666 0.683 1.459 2.311 1.672 1.340 1.740 1.830
Ace BDL 0.07 0.081 0.087 BDL 0.073 1.404 1.437 1.420 1.558 3.020 1.536 1.401 1.410 1.376 1.433
Fl BDL BDL 0.036 0.173 BDL 0.042 0.768 BDL 0.697 1.216 1.085 0.959 0.706 0.697 0.769 0.771
Phe BDL 0.06 0.061 0.048 BDL 0.057 0.985 1.041 1.032 1.027 0.174 1.509 0.961 0.803 0.801 0.958
Ant BDL 0.01 0.010 0.133 0.166 0.017 0.364 0.274 0.375 0.744 0.111 1.632 0.336 0.222 0.233 0.265
Flu BDL 0.05 0.046 0.040 BDL 0.057 0.924 0.906 1.156 0.841 0.088 0.301 1.027 0.759 0.747 0.927
Pyr BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.146 0.250 BDL BDL BDL BDL
BaA BDL BDL 0.133 0.050 BDL 0.015 0.299 BDL 0.313 0.707 0.259 0.134 0.292 0.124 0.104 0.269
Chr 0.02 0.05 0.205 0.137 BDL 0.033 1.217 0.296 0.758 1.265 0.108 0.483 0.620 0.241 0.491 0.082
BbF 0.02 0.01 0.010 0.042 BDL 0.105 1.592 0.728 0.506 2.668 0.085 0.447 0.501 0.108 1.149 0.066
BkF 0.02 0.01 0.018 0.010 BDL 0.018 0.860 0.320 0.199 0.434 0.269 0.169 0.393 0.157 0.242 0.248
BaP 0.02 BDL BDL 0.025 BDL 0.015 0.252 0.215 0.883 0.228 0.091 0.366 0.167 0.413 0.203 0.283
DahA BDL BDL 0.026 0.012 BDL 0.014 0.202 0.211 0.290 0.194 0.065 0.151 0.359 0.516 0.263 0.295
InP 0.01 BDL BDL 0.038 BDL 0.114 0.912 1.895 0.407 0.665 0.562 0.396 0.598 0.659 0.182 3.374
BghiP BDL BDL BDL 0.060 BDL 0.126 1.119 1.362 2.852 0.673 2.545 2.722 1.899 1.193 1.869 2.870
Total 0.09 0.3 0.856 1.109 0.166 0.863 16.879 11.657 14.720 14.768 14.543 15.917 13.108 10.544 12.151 15.807
Mean 0.005 0.02 0.050 0.065 0.010 0.051 0.993 0.688 0.866 0.869 0.855 0.936 0.771 0.620 0.715 0.930

The concentrations of AHs in the soil and water samples

AHs Water samples (mg/l) Soil samples (mg/kg)
Cbw_1 Cbw_2 Pw_1 Pw_2 Sw_1 Sw_2 Css_1 Css_2 Css_3 Css_4 Css_5 Css_6 Css_7 Css_8 Css_9 Css_10
C8 BDL BDL BDL 0.11 BDL 0.51 12.76 1.13 0.59 0.30 2.38 BDL 1.32 1.44 1.77 9.42
C9 BDL BDL 0.02 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
C10 BDL BDL 0.81 0.17 BDL 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.94 BDL BDL BDL 0.29 0.59
C11 BDL BDL 0.08 0.04 BDL 0.04 1.63 BDL BDL BDL 11.06 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.53
C12 BDL BDL 0.18 0.11 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 6.35 BDL BDL 0.06 BDL 0.04
C13 BDL BDL 0.23 0.18 BDL 0.14 2.43 0.36 0.46 BDL 11.24 BDL BDL 0.18 1.28 3.06
C14 BDL 0.02 0.33 0.23 0.03 0.01 0.53 0.77 0.66 0.42 47.91 0.09 BDL 0.17 0.57 0.56
C15 BDL BDL 0.31 0.23 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.06 48.04 0.88 0.13 0.29 BDL BDL
C16 BDL 0.04 0.33 0.25 0.02 0.01 0.85 0.19 0.12 0.69 29.37 3.90 0.31 0.39 0.95 0.89
C17 BDL BDL 0.31 0.25 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 9.39 6.82 BDL BDL BDL BDL
C18 BDL 0.03 0.28 0.23 0.01 0.04 0.45 0.10 0.73 0.60 17.20 7.94 0.13 BDL 0.93 0.64
C19 BDL 0.01 0.21 0.20 0.02 BDL BDL 0.27 0.22 0.13 16.14 7.08 BDL 0.19 0.14 BDL
C20 BDL 0.02 0.22 0.28 0.03 0.05 0.39 1.18 0.65 0.78 24.05 7.78 1.24 1.36 1.65 0.74
C21 BDL BDL 0.20 0.19 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.12 15.49 6.19 0.04 BDL BDL BDL
C22 BDL BDL 0.26 0.22 0.02 0.02 1.37 0.57 0.28 BDL 15.23 5.27 1.49 1.71 0.45 0.17
C23 0.01 BDL 0.26 0.17 BDL BDL 0.13 BDL BDL 0.24 11.69 4.35 BDL 0.42 BDL BDL
C24 0.01 0.02 0.36 0.23 0.03 BDL BDL BDL 0.60 1.62 19.32 4.16 0.38 0.34 BDL 0.05
C25 0.02 BDL 0.30 0.17 BDL BDL 0.40 BDL BDL 0.19 13.90 3.17 BDL BDL BDL BDL
C26 0.02 BDL 0.12 0.16 BDL 0.04 0.73 0.66 1.01 0.74 12.47 2.75 1.40 1.14 1.15 0.96
C27 0.02 BDL 0.14 0.14 BDL BDL 0.59 BDL BDL 0.31 10.58 2.44 BDL 0.19 BDL BDL
C28 0.01 BDL 0.11 0.12 BDL 0.03 0.86 0.30 0.71 0.54 18.87 1.93 0.96 1.18 0.80 0.68
C29 BDL BDL 0.08 0.10 BDL BDL 0.24 BDL BDL BDL 30.88 1.19 BDL BDL BDL BDL
C30 BDL BDL 0.08 0.05 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 29.12 0.29 BDL BDL BDL BDL
C31 BDL BDL 0.08 0.08 BDL BDL 1.06 BDL BDL BDL 15.14 1.11 0.63 0.32 BDL BDL
C32 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.11 BDL 2.47 4.62 0.72 4.53 BDL BDL 0.44 5.40 3.79
C33 BDL BDL BDL 0.31 BDL 0.40 5.05 8.38 12.62 2.20 13.12 BDL 3.23 4.24 13.73 10.84
C34 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 15.04 3.88 3.66 BDL BDL BDL
C35 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.07 BDL BDL BDL 11.16 BDL 6.12 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
C36 0.13 BDL BDL 0.75 0.03 0.02 8.12 7.66 BDL 6.97 11.78 BDL 9.81 7.43 12.83 11.78
C37 BDL BDL 0.15 BDL 0.26 0.65 BDL BDL BDL BDL 5.90 BDL 9.99 11.26 BDL BDL
C38 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2.27 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
C39 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
C40 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
PRISTANE BDL BDL 0.27 0.16 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 5.32 392.91 6.70 BDL BDL BDL BDL
PHYTANE BDL BDL 0.04 0.02 0.08 BDL BDL 1.67 BDL 0.56 61.00 1.64 2.12 2.10 BDL BDL
Pr/nC17 0 0 0.90 0.63 0 0 0 0 0 0 41.84 0.98 0 0 0 0
Total 0.22 0.13 5.78 5.14 0.61 2.08 37.59 25.69 34.43 22.52 929.44 79.55 36.85 34.86 44.73 41.94

PAH diagnostic ratios of the studied soil and water samples in comparison with that of standard references (after Tobiszewski and Namieśnik [21])

PAH diagnostic ratio Value range Source Reference Value ranges from studied samples Inferred source
ΣLMW/ΣHMW <1 Pyrogenic Zhang et al. [26] 0–2.45 Petrogenic/pyrogenic
>1 Petrogenic
Fl(Fl + Pyr) <0.5 Petroleum Emissions Ravindra et al. [20] 0–0.4 Petroleum emissions
>0.5 Diesel Emissions
Ant(Phe + Ant) <0.1 Pyrogenic Pies et al. [18] 0–0.21 Petrogenic/pyrogenic
>0.1 Petrogenic
Flu(Flu + Pyr) <0.4 Petrogenic Fossil fuel Combustion Grass, wood, coal combustion De La Torre-Roche et al. [27] 0–0.4 Petrogenic/mixed source of fossil fuel and combustion
0.4–0.5
>0.5
BaA/(BaA + Chr) 0.2–0.35 Coal combustion Akyüz and Çabuk [23] 0–0.31 Coal combustion/petrogenic
>0.35 Vehicular emission
<0.2 Petrogenic Yunker et al. [28]
>0.35 Combustion
InP/(InP + BghiP) <0.2 Petrogenic Yunker et al. [28] 0–0.23 Petrogenic/petroleum combustion
0.2–0.5 Petroleum Combustion
>0.5 Grass, Wood, Coal Combustion

The AH diagnostic ratios (after Sojinu et al. [22])

Sample CPI OEP
Cbw_1 0.29 1.81
Cbw_2 0.06 0
Pw_1 0.76 0.82
Pw_2 0.71 0.79
Sw_1 2.14 0
Sw_2 1.47 0
Css_1 0.44 0.21
Css_2 0.60 0
Css_3 2.46 0
Css_4 0.24 0.27
Css_5 0.85 0.72
Css_6 0.87 0.94
Css_7 0.68 0.006
Css_8 1.09 0.31
Css_9 0.57 0
Css_10 0.48 0
Mean 0.86 0.37
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