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Application possibilities of scanning acoustic microscopy in the assessment of explosive welding

Marcin Korzeniowski
Marcin Korzeniowski
, 
Beata Białobrzeska
Beata Białobrzeska
 and 
Anna Lewandowska
Anna Lewandowska
   | Dec 31, 2022
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Published Online: Dec 31, 2022
Page range: 93 - 111
Received: Dec 13, 2022
Accepted: Dec 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2022-0035
Keywords
© 2022 Marcin Korzeniowski et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Structure of analysed materials: (A) steel P355NH, visible ferrite and pearlite bands; (B) steel grade D, visible ferrite and pearlite grains, pearlite locally shows a slight banding; (C) steel SAF 250, visible austenite islands in a ferritic matrix; (D) Inconel 625, visible austenite grains with twinning boundaries; (E) Al 1050, dark inclusions; (F) Al 5083, state after plastic deformation and annealing. Visible solution α grains and Al (Mn, Fe, Si) inclusions, inter-metallic phases of Al3Mg2 and texture of deformation and (G) titanium grade 1, visible grains with twinning boundaries. Etched state, light microscopy
Structure of analysed materials: (A) steel P355NH, visible ferrite and pearlite bands; (B) steel grade D, visible ferrite and pearlite grains, pearlite locally shows a slight banding; (C) steel SAF 250, visible austenite islands in a ferritic matrix; (D) Inconel 625, visible austenite grains with twinning boundaries; (E) Al 1050, dark inclusions; (F) Al 5083, state after plastic deformation and annealing. Visible solution α grains and Al (Mn, Fe, Si) inclusions, inter-metallic phases of Al3Mg2 and texture of deformation and (G) titanium grade 1, visible grains with twinning boundaries. Etched state, light microscopy

Fig. 2

Microstructure of bimetal SAF 2504 – P355NH: (A) 100× magnification; (B) 200× magnification; and (C) 500× magnification. Etched state, light microscopy, (D) 500× magnification
Microstructure of bimetal SAF 2504 – P355NH: (A) 100× magnification; (B) 200× magnification; and (C) 500× magnification. Etched state, light microscopy, (D) 500× magnification

Fig. 3

Results of SAM C-scan ultrasonic tests, SAF 2504 – P355NH joints: (A) threshold 45% of reference range; (B) threshold 65% of reference range and (C) threshold 85% of reference range
Results of SAM C-scan ultrasonic tests, SAF 2504 – P355NH joints: (A) threshold 45% of reference range; (B) threshold 65% of reference range and (C) threshold 85% of reference range

Fig. 4

Results of ultrasonic tests of SAF 2504 – P355NH joint: (1) surface 0.63 mm2, (2) surface 0.14 mm2, (3) surface 0.11 mm2 and (4) surface 0.23 mm2
Results of ultrasonic tests of SAF 2504 – P355NH joint: (1) surface 0.63 mm2, (2) surface 0.14 mm2, (3) surface 0.11 mm2 and (4) surface 0.23 mm2

Fig. 5

C-scan and B-scan acoustic cross-sections of SAF 2504 – P355NH bimetal for two selected scanning lines: (A) cross section A-A and (B) cross section B-B
C-scan and B-scan acoustic cross-sections of SAF 2504 – P355NH bimetal for two selected scanning lines: (A) cross section A-A and (B) cross section B-B

Fig. 6

X-scan presentations of SAF 2504 – P355NH joint: (A) C-scan registered in 2.9–3.00 mm range; (B) depth 2.94 mm; (C) depth 2.95 mm; (D) depth 2.96 mm; (E) depth 2.97 mm and (F) depth 2.98 mm
X-scan presentations of SAF 2504 – P355NH joint: (A) C-scan registered in 2.9–3.00 mm range; (B) depth 2.94 mm; (C) depth 2.95 mm; (D) depth 2.96 mm; (E) depth 2.97 mm and (F) depth 2.98 mm

Fig. 7

Microstructure of Inconel 625 – P355NH bimetal: (A) magnification 100×; (B) magnification 100×; and (C) magnification 200×. Etched state, light microscopy
Microstructure of Inconel 625 – P355NH bimetal: (A) magnification 100×; (B) magnification 100×; and (C) magnification 200×. Etched state, light microscopy

Fig. 8

Results of C-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of the Inconel 625 – P355NH joint. Close-ups of particular indications: (1) surface 0.03 mm2; (2) surface 0.09 mm2; (3) surface 0.05 mm2 and (4) surface 0.06 mm2, scanning acoustic microscope
Results of C-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of the Inconel 625 – P355NH joint. Close-ups of particular indications: (1) surface 0.03 mm2; (2) surface 0.09 mm2; (3) surface 0.05 mm2 and (4) surface 0.06 mm2, scanning acoustic microscope

Fig. 9

C-scan and B-scan acoustic cross-sections of Inconel 625 – P355NH bimetal for two selected scanning lines: (A) cross section A–A and (B) cross section B–B
C-scan and B-scan acoustic cross-sections of Inconel 625 – P355NH bimetal for two selected scanning lines: (A) cross section A–A and (B) cross section B–B

Fig. 10

X-scan presentations of Inconel 625 – P355NH joint: (A) C-scan registered in the range of 3.01–3.06 mm; (B) depth 3.01 mm; (C) depth 3.02 mm; (D) depth 3.04 mm; (E) depth 3.05 mm and (F) depth 3.06 mm
X-scan presentations of Inconel 625 – P355NH joint: (A) C-scan registered in the range of 3.01–3.06 mm; (B) depth 3.01 mm; (C) depth 3.02 mm; (D) depth 3.04 mm; (E) depth 3.05 mm and (F) depth 3.06 mm

Fig. 11

Microstructure of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083: (A) steel grade D – Ti grade 1, magnification 100×; (B) steel grade D – Ti grade 1, magnification 200×; (C) Ti grade 1 – Al 1050, magnification 100×; (D) Ti grade 1 – Al 1050, magnification 500×; (E) Al 1050 – Al 5083, magnification 100× and (F) Al 1050 – Al 5083, magnification 500×. Etched state, light microscopy
Microstructure of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083: (A) steel grade D – Ti grade 1, magnification 100×; (B) steel grade D – Ti grade 1, magnification 200×; (C) Ti grade 1 – Al 1050, magnification 100×; (D) Ti grade 1 – Al 1050, magnification 500×; (E) Al 1050 – Al 5083, magnification 100× and (F) Al 1050 – Al 5083, magnification 500×. Etched state, light microscopy

Fig. 12

Results of C-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083. Close-ups of particular indications: (1) surface 0.44 mm2, (2) surface 1.51 mm2, (3) surface 0.27 mm2 and (4) surface 0.52 mm2
Results of C-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083. Close-ups of particular indications: (1) surface 0.44 mm2, (2) surface 1.51 mm2, (3) surface 0.27 mm2 and (4) surface 0.52 mm2

Fig. 13

Results of C-scan and B-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083 for two selected scanning lines (in both cases steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 are visible): (A) cross section A–A and (B) cross section B–B
Results of C-scan and B-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083 for two selected scanning lines (in both cases steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 are visible): (A) cross section A–A and (B) cross section B–B

Fig. 14

A four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083, X-scan: (A) depth 11.90 mm, (B) depth 11.91 mm, (C) depth 11.92 mm, (D) depth 11.93 mm, (E) depth 11.94 mm and (F) depth 11.95 mm, scanning acoustic microscope
A four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083, X-scan: (A) depth 11.90 mm, (B) depth 11.91 mm, (C) depth 11.92 mm, (D) depth 11.93 mm, (E) depth 11.94 mm and (F) depth 11.95 mm, scanning acoustic microscope
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