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Application possibilities of scanning acoustic microscopy in the assessment of explosive welding

Marcin Korzeniowski

Marcin Korzeniowski

Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocław,
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Korzeniowski, Marcin
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Beata Białobrzeska

Beata Białobrzeska

Department of Vehicle Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocław,
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Białobrzeska, Beata
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Anna Lewandowska

Anna Lewandowska

Student of Mechanical Engineering and Machine Building, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocław,
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Lewandowska, Anna
  
31 déc. 2022
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Publié en ligne: 31 déc. 2022
Pages: 93 - 111
Reçu: 13 déc. 2022
Accepté: 21 déc. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2022-0035
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© 2022 Marcin Korzeniowski et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Structure of analysed materials: (A) steel P355NH, visible ferrite and pearlite bands; (B) steel grade D, visible ferrite and pearlite grains, pearlite locally shows a slight banding; (C) steel SAF 250, visible austenite islands in a ferritic matrix; (D) Inconel 625, visible austenite grains with twinning boundaries; (E) Al 1050, dark inclusions; (F) Al 5083, state after plastic deformation and annealing. Visible solution α grains and Al (Mn, Fe, Si) inclusions, inter-metallic phases of Al3Mg2 and texture of deformation and (G) titanium grade 1, visible grains with twinning boundaries. Etched state, light microscopy
Structure of analysed materials: (A) steel P355NH, visible ferrite and pearlite bands; (B) steel grade D, visible ferrite and pearlite grains, pearlite locally shows a slight banding; (C) steel SAF 250, visible austenite islands in a ferritic matrix; (D) Inconel 625, visible austenite grains with twinning boundaries; (E) Al 1050, dark inclusions; (F) Al 5083, state after plastic deformation and annealing. Visible solution α grains and Al (Mn, Fe, Si) inclusions, inter-metallic phases of Al3Mg2 and texture of deformation and (G) titanium grade 1, visible grains with twinning boundaries. Etched state, light microscopy

Fig. 2

Microstructure of bimetal SAF 2504 – P355NH: (A) 100× magnification; (B) 200× magnification; and (C) 500× magnification. Etched state, light microscopy, (D) 500× magnification
Microstructure of bimetal SAF 2504 – P355NH: (A) 100× magnification; (B) 200× magnification; and (C) 500× magnification. Etched state, light microscopy, (D) 500× magnification

Fig. 3

Results of SAM C-scan ultrasonic tests, SAF 2504 – P355NH joints: (A) threshold 45% of reference range; (B) threshold 65% of reference range and (C) threshold 85% of reference range
Results of SAM C-scan ultrasonic tests, SAF 2504 – P355NH joints: (A) threshold 45% of reference range; (B) threshold 65% of reference range and (C) threshold 85% of reference range

Fig. 4

Results of ultrasonic tests of SAF 2504 – P355NH joint: (1) surface 0.63 mm2, (2) surface 0.14 mm2, (3) surface 0.11 mm2 and (4) surface 0.23 mm2
Results of ultrasonic tests of SAF 2504 – P355NH joint: (1) surface 0.63 mm2, (2) surface 0.14 mm2, (3) surface 0.11 mm2 and (4) surface 0.23 mm2

Fig. 5

C-scan and B-scan acoustic cross-sections of SAF 2504 – P355NH bimetal for two selected scanning lines: (A) cross section A-A and (B) cross section B-B
C-scan and B-scan acoustic cross-sections of SAF 2504 – P355NH bimetal for two selected scanning lines: (A) cross section A-A and (B) cross section B-B

Fig. 6

X-scan presentations of SAF 2504 – P355NH joint: (A) C-scan registered in 2.9–3.00 mm range; (B) depth 2.94 mm; (C) depth 2.95 mm; (D) depth 2.96 mm; (E) depth 2.97 mm and (F) depth 2.98 mm
X-scan presentations of SAF 2504 – P355NH joint: (A) C-scan registered in 2.9–3.00 mm range; (B) depth 2.94 mm; (C) depth 2.95 mm; (D) depth 2.96 mm; (E) depth 2.97 mm and (F) depth 2.98 mm

Fig. 7

Microstructure of Inconel 625 – P355NH bimetal: (A) magnification 100×; (B) magnification 100×; and (C) magnification 200×. Etched state, light microscopy
Microstructure of Inconel 625 – P355NH bimetal: (A) magnification 100×; (B) magnification 100×; and (C) magnification 200×. Etched state, light microscopy

Fig. 8

Results of C-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of the Inconel 625 – P355NH joint. Close-ups of particular indications: (1) surface 0.03 mm2; (2) surface 0.09 mm2; (3) surface 0.05 mm2 and (4) surface 0.06 mm2, scanning acoustic microscope
Results of C-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of the Inconel 625 – P355NH joint. Close-ups of particular indications: (1) surface 0.03 mm2; (2) surface 0.09 mm2; (3) surface 0.05 mm2 and (4) surface 0.06 mm2, scanning acoustic microscope

Fig. 9

C-scan and B-scan acoustic cross-sections of Inconel 625 – P355NH bimetal for two selected scanning lines: (A) cross section A–A and (B) cross section B–B
C-scan and B-scan acoustic cross-sections of Inconel 625 – P355NH bimetal for two selected scanning lines: (A) cross section A–A and (B) cross section B–B

Fig. 10

X-scan presentations of Inconel 625 – P355NH joint: (A) C-scan registered in the range of 3.01–3.06 mm; (B) depth 3.01 mm; (C) depth 3.02 mm; (D) depth 3.04 mm; (E) depth 3.05 mm and (F) depth 3.06 mm
X-scan presentations of Inconel 625 – P355NH joint: (A) C-scan registered in the range of 3.01–3.06 mm; (B) depth 3.01 mm; (C) depth 3.02 mm; (D) depth 3.04 mm; (E) depth 3.05 mm and (F) depth 3.06 mm

Fig. 11

Microstructure of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083: (A) steel grade D – Ti grade 1, magnification 100×; (B) steel grade D – Ti grade 1, magnification 200×; (C) Ti grade 1 – Al 1050, magnification 100×; (D) Ti grade 1 – Al 1050, magnification 500×; (E) Al 1050 – Al 5083, magnification 100× and (F) Al 1050 – Al 5083, magnification 500×. Etched state, light microscopy
Microstructure of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083: (A) steel grade D – Ti grade 1, magnification 100×; (B) steel grade D – Ti grade 1, magnification 200×; (C) Ti grade 1 – Al 1050, magnification 100×; (D) Ti grade 1 – Al 1050, magnification 500×; (E) Al 1050 – Al 5083, magnification 100× and (F) Al 1050 – Al 5083, magnification 500×. Etched state, light microscopy

Fig. 12

Results of C-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083. Close-ups of particular indications: (1) surface 0.44 mm2, (2) surface 1.51 mm2, (3) surface 0.27 mm2 and (4) surface 0.52 mm2
Results of C-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083. Close-ups of particular indications: (1) surface 0.44 mm2, (2) surface 1.51 mm2, (3) surface 0.27 mm2 and (4) surface 0.52 mm2

Fig. 13

Results of C-scan and B-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083 for two selected scanning lines (in both cases steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 are visible): (A) cross section A–A and (B) cross section B–B
Results of C-scan and B-scan indications of ultrasonic tests of a four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083 for two selected scanning lines (in both cases steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 are visible): (A) cross section A–A and (B) cross section B–B

Fig. 14

A four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083, X-scan: (A) depth 11.90 mm, (B) depth 11.91 mm, (C) depth 11.92 mm, (D) depth 11.93 mm, (E) depth 11.94 mm and (F) depth 11.95 mm, scanning acoustic microscope
A four-layer clad plate: steel grade D – Ti grade 1 – Al 1050 – Al 5083, X-scan: (A) depth 11.90 mm, (B) depth 11.91 mm, (C) depth 11.92 mm, (D) depth 11.93 mm, (E) depth 11.94 mm and (F) depth 11.95 mm, scanning acoustic microscope
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