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Estimation of heart rate variability from finger photoplethysmography during rest, mild exercise and mild mental stress

Bjørn-Jostein Singstad

Bjørn-Jostein Singstad

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Singstad, Bjørn-Jostein
, 
Naomi Azulay

Naomi Azulay

  • Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
  • Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Azulay, Naomi
, 
Andreas Bjurstedt

Andreas Bjurstedt

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Bjurstedt, Andreas
, 
Simen S. Bjørndal

Simen S. Bjørndal

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Bjørndal, Simen S.
, 
Magnus F. Drageseth

Magnus F. Drageseth

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Drageseth, Magnus F.
, 
Peter Engeset

Peter Engeset

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Engeset, Peter
, 
Kari Eriksen

Kari Eriksen

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Eriksen, Kari
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Muluberhan Y. Gidey

Muluberhan Y. Gidey

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Gidey, Muluberhan Y.
, 
Espen O. Granum

Espen O. Granum

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Granum, Espen O.
, 
Matias G. Greaker

Matias G. Greaker

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Greaker, Matias G.
, 
Amund Grorud

Amund Grorud

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Grorud, Amund
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Sebastian O. Hewes

Sebastian O. Hewes

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Hewes, Sebastian O.
, 
Jie Hou

Jie Hou

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Hou, Jie
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Adrián M. Llop Recha

Adrián M. Llop Recha

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Llop Recha, Adrián M.
, 
Christoffer Matre

Christoffer Matre

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Matre, Christoffer
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Arnoldas Seputis

Arnoldas Seputis

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Seputis, Arnoldas
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Simen E. Sørensen

Simen E. Sørensen

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Sørensen, Simen E.
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Vegard Thøgersen

Vegard Thøgersen

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Thøgersen, Vegard
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Vegard Munkeby Joten

Vegard Munkeby Joten

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Joten, Vegard Munkeby
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Christian Tronstad

Christian Tronstad

Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Tronstad, Christian
 and 
Ørjan G. Martinsen

Ørjan G. Martinsen

  • Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
  • Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Martinsen, Ørjan G.
  
Dec 18, 2021
Estimation of heart rate variability from finger photoplethysmography during rest, mild exercise and mild mental stress's Cover Image
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Published Online: Dec 18, 2021
Page range: 89 - 102
Received: Apr 29, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2021-0012
Keywords
© 2020 Bjørn-Jostein Singstad, Naomi Azulay, Andreas Bjurstedt, Simen S. Bjørndal, Magnus F. Drageseth, Peter Engeset, Kari Eriksen, Muluberhan Y. Gidey, Espen O. Granum, Matias G. Greaker, Amund Grorud, Sebastian O. Hewes, Jie Hou, Adrián M. Llop Recha, Christoffer Matre, Arnoldas Seputis, Simen E. Sørensen, Vegard Thøgersen, Vegard Munkeby Joten, Christian Tronstad and Ørjan G. Martinsen, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Placement of Shimmer3 measurement units (white boxes), ECG electrodes (blue circles) and the PPG sensor (green box).
Placement of Shimmer3 measurement units (white boxes), ECG electrodes (blue circles) and the PPG sensor (green box).

Figure 2

A seven beat PPG sequence showing clipping of the systolic peaks (blue curve) and the spline-based interpolation used (orange curve). The two fiducial points assessed is also marked in the figure.
A seven beat PPG sequence showing clipping of the systolic peaks (blue curve) and the spline-based interpolation used (orange curve). The two fiducial points assessed is also marked in the figure.

Figure 3

Example showing 13 beats of PPG recording together with the detected foot (red crosses) and max slope (black crosses) fiducial points. The foot points were located based on identifying negative-to-positive zero-crossing points of the first derivative of the signal, and the subsequent peak of the derivative was used to locate the max slope fiducial point.
Example showing 13 beats of PPG recording together with the detected foot (red crosses) and max slope (black crosses) fiducial points. The foot points were located based on identifying negative-to-positive zero-crossing points of the first derivative of the signal, and the subsequent peak of the derivative was used to locate the max slope fiducial point.

Figure 4

Average heart rate for all participants during the different periods.
Average heart rate for all participants during the different periods.

Figure 5

Example segments from recordings with good PPG signal quality (a), during the resting phase, and with poor PPG signal quality (b) during the exercise phase.
Example segments from recordings with good PPG signal quality (a), during the resting phase, and with poor PPG signal quality (b) during the exercise phase.

Figure 6

A transient disturbance in the PPG signal (upper plot) causing a large deviation in the estimated inter-beat interval over two points (blue line in lower plot). The red line shows the IBI time-series after outlier correction. The red and green crosses in the upper plot mark the foot and maximum slope fiducial points, respectively.
A transient disturbance in the PPG signal (upper plot) causing a large deviation in the estimated inter-beat interval over two points (blue line in lower plot). The red line shows the IBI time-series after outlier correction. The red and green crosses in the upper plot mark the foot and maximum slope fiducial points, respectively.

Figure 7

The spread of SDNN for the 15 participants measured with ECG and PPG with and without outlier correction, broken down by the different phases and fiducial points (foot and maxdiff). Outliers are shown in red.
The spread of SDNN for the 15 participants measured with ECG and PPG with and without outlier correction, broken down by the different phases and fiducial points (foot and maxdiff). Outliers are shown in red.

Figure 8

The spread of RMSSD for the 15 participants measured with ECG and PPG with and without outlier correction, broken down by the different phases and fiducial points (foot and maxdiff). Outliers are shown in red.
The spread of RMSSD for the 15 participants measured with ECG and PPG with and without outlier correction, broken down by the different phases and fiducial points (foot and maxdiff). Outliers are shown in red.

Figure 9

The difference between SDNN values as calculated from PPG and ECG for the 15 participants in the different phases. Grouped by fiducial point and outlier correction. Outliers and median values are shown in red.
The difference between SDNN values as calculated from PPG and ECG for the 15 participants in the different phases. Grouped by fiducial point and outlier correction. Outliers and median values are shown in red.

Figure 10

The difference between RMSSD values as calculated from PPG and ECG for the 15 participants in the different phases. Grouped by fiducial point and outlier correction. Outliers and median values are shown in red.
The difference between RMSSD values as calculated from PPG and ECG for the 15 participants in the different phases. Grouped by fiducial point and outlier correction. Outliers and median values are shown in red.
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Summary of agreement between HRV derived from ECG and PPG for each type of activity, depending on PPG fiducial point selection with and without correction of outliers_ The agreement is represented as median absolute deviation (MAD), median absolute relative deviation (MARD) and the root mean square error (RMSE)_

Fiducial point Outlier correction HRV Agreement Relaxation Exercise Mental stress
Foot Yes SDNN MAD 9,83 137,86 10,14
Max slope Yes SDNN MAD 2,25 78,82 1,19
Foot No SDNN MAD 28,12 290,49 26,95
Max slope No SDNN MAD 21,98 272,73 17,6
Foot Yes RMSSD MAD 27,56 189,3 50,17
Max slope Yes RMSSD MAD 3,46 114,26 2,27
Foot No RMSSD MAD 64,21 415,58 72,18
Max slope No RMSSD MAD 41,31 369,77 27,77
Foot Yes SDNN MARD 18,00 % 341 % 23,20 %
Max slope Yes SDNN MARD 3,60 % 239 % 1,80 %
Foot No SDNN MARD 51,50 % 933 % 53,90 %
Max slope No SDNN MARD 22,00 % 877 % 28,30 %
Foot Yes RMSSD MARD 85,00 % 1576 % 156 %
Max slope Yes RMSSD MARD 8,20 % 647 % 6,40 %
Foot No RMSSD MARD 152 % 1727 % 216 %
Max slope No RMSSD MARD 60,00 % 1572 % 79,30 %
Foot Yes SDNN RMSE 21,41 202,95 27,33
Max slope Yes SDNN RMSE 14,83 184,50 8,59
Foot No SDNN RMSE 85,16 403,71 60,56
Max slope No SDNN RMSE 79,17 395,91 49,43
Foot Yes RMSSD RMSE 43,17 253,67 66,01
Max slope Yes RMSSD RMSE 14,98 212,15 22,28
Foot No RMSSD RMSE 143,70 552,46 126,00
Max slope No RMSSD RMSE 131,14 533,94 99,57

Summary of agreement between RR derived from ECG and IBI derived from PPG for each type of activity_ The agreement is presented as median absolute deviation (MAD), median absolute relative deviation (MARD) and the root mean square error (RMSE)_

Fiducial point Outlier correction Agreement Relaxation Exercise Mental stress
Foot Yes MAD 3.97 18.93 4.71
Max slope Yes MAD 2.82 4.34 2.29
Foot No MAD 4.03 42.40 4.46
Max slope No MAD 2.93 48.86 2.29
Foot Yes MARD 0.51% 3.24% 0.69%
Max slope Yes MARD 0.36% 0.67% 0.35%
Foot No MARD 0.58% 8.02% 0.62%
Max slope No MARD 0.38% 9.45% 0.35%
Foot Yes RMSE 13.02 106.27 12.73
Max slope Yes RMSE 8.41 99.51 6.98
Foot No RMSE 34.03 255.14 21.85
Max slope No RMSE 35.15 262.89 14.22
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