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Estimation of heart rate variability from finger photoplethysmography during rest, mild exercise and mild mental stress

Bjørn-Jostein Singstad
Bjørn-Jostein Singstad
, 
Naomi Azulay
Naomi Azulay
, 
Andreas Bjurstedt
Andreas Bjurstedt
, 
Simen S. Bjørndal
Simen S. Bjørndal
, 
Magnus F. Drageseth
Magnus F. Drageseth
, 
Peter Engeset
Peter Engeset
, 
Kari Eriksen
Kari Eriksen
, 
Muluberhan Y. Gidey
Muluberhan Y. Gidey
, 
Espen O. Granum
Espen O. Granum
, 
Matias G. Greaker
Matias G. Greaker
, 
Amund Grorud
Amund Grorud
, 
Sebastian O. Hewes
Sebastian O. Hewes
, 
Jie Hou
Jie Hou
, 
Adrián M. Llop Recha
Adrián M. Llop Recha
, 
Christoffer Matre
Christoffer Matre
, 
Arnoldas Seputis
Arnoldas Seputis
, 
Simen E. Sørensen
Simen E. Sørensen
, 
Vegard Thøgersen
Vegard Thøgersen
, 
Vegard Munkeby Joten
Vegard Munkeby Joten
, 
Christian Tronstad
Christian Tronstad
 oraz 
Ørjan G. Martinsen
Ørjan G. Martinsen
   | 18 gru 2021
Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance's Cover Image
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Data publikacji: 18 gru 2021
Zakres stron: 89 - 102
Otrzymano: 29 kwi 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2021-0012
Słowa kluczowe
© 2020 Bjørn-Jostein Singstad, Naomi Azulay, Andreas Bjurstedt, Simen S. Bjørndal, Magnus F. Drageseth, Peter Engeset, Kari Eriksen, Muluberhan Y. Gidey, Espen O. Granum, Matias G. Greaker, Amund Grorud, Sebastian O. Hewes, Jie Hou, Adrián M. Llop Recha, Christoffer Matre, Arnoldas Seputis, Simen E. Sørensen, Vegard Thøgersen, Vegard Munkeby Joten, Christian Tronstad and Ørjan G. Martinsen, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Placement of Shimmer3 measurement units (white boxes), ECG electrodes (blue circles) and the PPG sensor (green box).
Placement of Shimmer3 measurement units (white boxes), ECG electrodes (blue circles) and the PPG sensor (green box).

Figure 2

A seven beat PPG sequence showing clipping of the systolic peaks (blue curve) and the spline-based interpolation used (orange curve). The two fiducial points assessed is also marked in the figure.
A seven beat PPG sequence showing clipping of the systolic peaks (blue curve) and the spline-based interpolation used (orange curve). The two fiducial points assessed is also marked in the figure.

Figure 3

Example showing 13 beats of PPG recording together with the detected foot (red crosses) and max slope (black crosses) fiducial points. The foot points were located based on identifying negative-to-positive zero-crossing points of the first derivative of the signal, and the subsequent peak of the derivative was used to locate the max slope fiducial point.
Example showing 13 beats of PPG recording together with the detected foot (red crosses) and max slope (black crosses) fiducial points. The foot points were located based on identifying negative-to-positive zero-crossing points of the first derivative of the signal, and the subsequent peak of the derivative was used to locate the max slope fiducial point.

Figure 4

Average heart rate for all participants during the different periods.
Average heart rate for all participants during the different periods.

Figure 5

Example segments from recordings with good PPG signal quality (a), during the resting phase, and with poor PPG signal quality (b) during the exercise phase.
Example segments from recordings with good PPG signal quality (a), during the resting phase, and with poor PPG signal quality (b) during the exercise phase.

Figure 6

A transient disturbance in the PPG signal (upper plot) causing a large deviation in the estimated inter-beat interval over two points (blue line in lower plot). The red line shows the IBI time-series after outlier correction. The red and green crosses in the upper plot mark the foot and maximum slope fiducial points, respectively.
A transient disturbance in the PPG signal (upper plot) causing a large deviation in the estimated inter-beat interval over two points (blue line in lower plot). The red line shows the IBI time-series after outlier correction. The red and green crosses in the upper plot mark the foot and maximum slope fiducial points, respectively.

Figure 7

The spread of SDNN for the 15 participants measured with ECG and PPG with and without outlier correction, broken down by the different phases and fiducial points (foot and maxdiff). Outliers are shown in red.
The spread of SDNN for the 15 participants measured with ECG and PPG with and without outlier correction, broken down by the different phases and fiducial points (foot and maxdiff). Outliers are shown in red.

Figure 8

The spread of RMSSD for the 15 participants measured with ECG and PPG with and without outlier correction, broken down by the different phases and fiducial points (foot and maxdiff). Outliers are shown in red.
The spread of RMSSD for the 15 participants measured with ECG and PPG with and without outlier correction, broken down by the different phases and fiducial points (foot and maxdiff). Outliers are shown in red.

Figure 9

The difference between SDNN values as calculated from PPG and ECG for the 15 participants in the different phases. Grouped by fiducial point and outlier correction. Outliers and median values are shown in red.
The difference between SDNN values as calculated from PPG and ECG for the 15 participants in the different phases. Grouped by fiducial point and outlier correction. Outliers and median values are shown in red.

Figure 10

The difference between RMSSD values as calculated from PPG and ECG for the 15 participants in the different phases. Grouped by fiducial point and outlier correction. Outliers and median values are shown in red.
The difference between RMSSD values as calculated from PPG and ECG for the 15 participants in the different phases. Grouped by fiducial point and outlier correction. Outliers and median values are shown in red.

Summary of agreement between HRV derived from ECG and PPG for each type of activity, depending on PPG fiducial point selection with and without correction of outliers. The agreement is represented as median absolute deviation (MAD), median absolute relative deviation (MARD) and the root mean square error (RMSE).

Fiducial point Outlier correction HRV Agreement Relaxation Exercise Mental stress
Foot Yes SDNN MAD 9,83 137,86 10,14
Max slope Yes SDNN MAD 2,25 78,82 1,19
Foot No SDNN MAD 28,12 290,49 26,95
Max slope No SDNN MAD 21,98 272,73 17,6
Foot Yes RMSSD MAD 27,56 189,3 50,17
Max slope Yes RMSSD MAD 3,46 114,26 2,27
Foot No RMSSD MAD 64,21 415,58 72,18
Max slope No RMSSD MAD 41,31 369,77 27,77
Foot Yes SDNN MARD 18,00 % 341 % 23,20 %
Max slope Yes SDNN MARD 3,60 % 239 % 1,80 %
Foot No SDNN MARD 51,50 % 933 % 53,90 %
Max slope No SDNN MARD 22,00 % 877 % 28,30 %
Foot Yes RMSSD MARD 85,00 % 1576 % 156 %
Max slope Yes RMSSD MARD 8,20 % 647 % 6,40 %
Foot No RMSSD MARD 152 % 1727 % 216 %
Max slope No RMSSD MARD 60,00 % 1572 % 79,30 %
Foot Yes SDNN RMSE 21,41 202,95 27,33
Max slope Yes SDNN RMSE 14,83 184,50 8,59
Foot No SDNN RMSE 85,16 403,71 60,56
Max slope No SDNN RMSE 79,17 395,91 49,43
Foot Yes RMSSD RMSE 43,17 253,67 66,01
Max slope Yes RMSSD RMSE 14,98 212,15 22,28
Foot No RMSSD RMSE 143,70 552,46 126,00
Max slope No RMSSD RMSE 131,14 533,94 99,57

Summary of agreement between RR derived from ECG and IBI derived from PPG for each type of activity. The agreement is presented as median absolute deviation (MAD), median absolute relative deviation (MARD) and the root mean square error (RMSE).

Fiducial point Outlier correction Agreement Relaxation Exercise Mental stress
Foot Yes MAD 3.97 18.93 4.71
Max slope Yes MAD 2.82 4.34 2.29
Foot No MAD 4.03 42.40 4.46
Max slope No MAD 2.93 48.86 2.29
Foot Yes MARD 0.51% 3.24% 0.69%
Max slope Yes MARD 0.36% 0.67% 0.35%
Foot No MARD 0.58% 8.02% 0.62%
Max slope No MARD 0.38% 9.45% 0.35%
Foot Yes RMSE 13.02 106.27 12.73
Max slope Yes RMSE 8.41 99.51 6.98
Foot No RMSE 34.03 255.14 21.85
Max slope No RMSE 35.15 262.89 14.22
eISSN:
1891-5469
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Engineering, Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Electronics, Life Sciences, Biophysics, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Physics, Spectroscopy and Metrology
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