About this article
Article Category: Research Papers
Published Online: Sep 22, 2025
Received: Jan 09, 2025
Accepted: May 09, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2025-0945
Keywords
© 2025 Jing Yan, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Independent sample test of pre-test scores
| Levene test of variance equation | T-test for mean equation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | Sig. | t | DF | Sig. (bilateral) | Mean difference | ||
| Oral English scores | Assume equal varianceF | 1.025 | 0.237 | -0.138 | 52 | 0.887 | -0.3334 |
| Suppose the variances are not equal | -0.139 | 51.005 | 0.887 | -0.3334 | |||
Independent sample test
| Levene test of variance equation | T-test for mean equation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | Sig. | t | DF | Sig. (bilateral) | Mean difference | ||
| Oral English scores | Assume equal varianceF | 0.003 | 0.972 | -3.837 | 51 | 0.000 | -8.3239 |
| Suppose the variances are not equal | -3.837 | 50.784 | 0.000 | -8.3239 | |||
Measurement dimensions, indicators and calculation formulas of syntactic complexity
| Measurement dimension | Index | Calculation formula |
|---|---|---|
| Unit length | Average sentence Length (MLS) | Total number of words/sentences |
| Average T unit Length (MLT) | Total number of words/T unit number | |
| Average Clause Length (MLC) | Total number of words/clauses | |
| Dependent clause usage | Number of clauses per T unit (C/T) | Number of clauses/T Number of units |
| Structure usage | Number of parallel phrases in T units (CP/T) | Number of parallel phrases/T units |
| T Ratio of number of units to number of sentences (T/S) | T Number of units/sentences | |
| Specific phrase structure | Number of phrasal verbs per T unit (VP/T) | Number of phrasal verbs/T number of units |
| Sentence complexity | Overall sentence complexity (C/S) | Number of clauses/sentences |
Group statistics
| Test time | N | Mean value | Standard deviation | Standard error of mean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral English scores | Pre-test | 52 | 37.612 | 7.506 | 1.515 |
| After-test | 52 | 50.384 | 7.837 | 1.603 | |
Independent sample test of post-test scores
| Levene test of variance equation | T-test for mean equation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | Sig. | t | DF | Sig. (bilateral) | Mean difference | ||
| Oral English scores | Assume equal varianceF | 0.351 | 0.505 | 3.387 | 52 | 0.002 | 7.638 |
| Suppose the variances are not equal | 0.392 | 51.572 | 0.002 | 7.638 | |||
Summary of questionnaire survey results before the experiment
| Established problem | A | B | C | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1. How do you evaluate your current oral English level? | 72.12% | 22.12% | 3.85% | 1.92% |
| Q2. Are you interested in learning spoken English? | 75.00% | 22.12% | 1.92% | 0.96% |
| Q3. What is your purpose of learning spoken English? | 20.19% | 75.00% | 3.85% | 0.96% |
| Q4. Do you take part in the oral class? | 50.00% | 25.00% | 20.19% | 4.81% |
| Q5. How do you react to the oral English teacher’s questions in class? | 75.00% | 15.38% | 5.77% | 3.85% |
| Q6. What teaching methods do oral English teachers usually use? | 15.38% | 70.19% | 9.62% | 4.81% |
| Q7. How do you like the current oral English classroom teaching? | 59.62% | 22.12% | 10.58% | 7.69% |
| Q8. How cooperative are you in oral English teaching activities? | 62.50% | 17.31% | 15.38% | 4.81% |
| Q9. What tasks do you think teachers should assign in oral English class? | 34.62% | 47.12% | 15.38% | 2.88% |
| Q10. How do you practice speaking? | 34.62% | 50.00% | 10.58% | 4.80% |
Measurement dimensions, indicators and calculation formulas of lexical complexity
| Measurement dimension | Index | Calculation formula |
|---|---|---|
| Lexical density | Lexical density (LD) | Number of words/total number of words or symbols |
| Number of words (NDW) | Number of different words or class characters | |
| Ratio of special words to total words (TTR) | Number of different words or class characters/total number of words or shape characters | |
| Lexical diversity | Verb Diversity (VV2) | Number of different verbs/words |
| Noun Diversity (NV) | Number of different nouns/words | |
| Adjective diversity (Adj.V) | Number of different adjectives/words | |
| Adverb Diversity (Adv.V) | Number of different adverbs/words |
Group statistics of post-test oral performance
| Test time | N | Mean value | Standard deviation | Standard error of mean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral English scores | Experimental class | 52 | 50.384 | 7.837 | 1.603 |
| Control class | 52 | 40.081 | 7.504 | 1.529 | |
Group statistics of pre-test oral performance
| Test time | N | Mean value | Standard deviation | Standard error of mean | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral English scores | Experimental class | 52 | 37.612 | 7.506 | 1.515 |
| Control class | 52 | 37.941 | 8.038 | 1.771 | |