Absolute chronology of the Zedmar culture: Re-thinking radiocarbon dates

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The radiocarbon dates obtained from the ZC sites_

No.	Lab no.	Age BP	Material	Notes	References
				DUDKA
1	Gd-5575	7420 ± 80	-	Late Mesolithic	Gumiński, 1998: 103
2	Gd-5942	6910 ± 80	-	Late Mesolithic	Gumiński, 1998: 103
3	Poz-3913	6645 ± 30	Human bone	Grave VI-17; with one “post Zedmar” potsherd	Gumiński, 2014: 125
4	Gd-5944	6270 ± 70	-	Late Mesolithic	Gumiński, 1998: 103
5	Gd-5365	5540 ± 60	-	Trench II	Gumiński and Fiedorczuk, 1990: 54
6	Gd-2878	4960 ± 90	-	Trench II	Gumiński and Fiedorczuk, 1990: 54
7	Gd-4457	4880 ±120	-	Leyer with the Late Neolithic, Trench III	Gumiński and Fiedorczuk, 1990: 69
8	Gd-2593	4870 ± 110	-	Trench II	Gumiński and Fiedorczuk, 1990: 54
9	Gd-4871	4320 ±120	-	Leyer with the Late Neolithic, Trench III	Gumiński, 1998: 103
				SZCZEPANKI 8
10	Poz-9384	5580 ± 40	Charred food	A potsherd with organic and mineral admixture, from layer with “early Zedmar” materials and the Mesolithic	Gumiński, 2005: 57; 2011b: 90
11	Sz8-BA Lab no. unknown, substitute name.	2900 ± 60	-	The Bronze Age layer	Gumiński, 2011b: 90
12	MKL-596	3980 ± 40	-	The layer with the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age materials	Gumiński, 2011b: 90
				SZCZEPANKI 8A
13	Poz-48943	5360 ± 35	The ornamented oar	The layer with “early Zedmar” materials and the Mesolithic	Gumiński, 2011b: 90
				UTINOE BOLOTO 1
14	Le-1237	4870 ± 230	Charcoal	-	Timofeev, 1980: 14
				UTINOE BOLOTO 2
15	UB-2 Lab no. unknown, substitute name.	4920 ± 200	Bone fragment	Experimental date from LOIA lab	Timofeev, 1980: 45
				ZEDMAR A
16	Le-1343	4260 ± 80	Charcoal	Layer above teh upper horizon, which is linked with younger assembladges	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
17	Le-1270	6000 ± 90	Piece of wood	The pole dug into the ZC layer	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
18	Le-1388	4920 ± 80	Charcoal	The upper horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
19	Le-1389	5100 ± 60	Charcoal	The upper horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
20	Bln-2165	5120 ± 50	Charcoal	The upper horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
21	Le-1319	4730 ±140	Gyttja	The second layer	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
22	Bln-2164	5100 ± 50	Gyttja	The second layer	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
23	Bln-2163	5300 ± 60	Gyttja	Above the lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
24	Le-1386	4870 ± 80	Charcoal	The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
25	Le-1387	4900 ± 80	Charcoal	The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
26	Le-3923	5130 ±100	Charcoal	The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
27	Bln-2162	5280 ± 50	Charcoal	The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
28	Le-1268	4955 ±110	Charcoal	From the bottom of the The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
29	Le-1269	5440 ± 90	Charcoal	From the bottom of the The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74
				ZEDMAR D
30	Le-3626	4890 ±100	Gyttja	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 23; 1998: 72-73
31	Le-3921	5640 ± 300	Antler tool	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
32	Le-3924	5070 ±150	Gyttja	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
33	Le-3179	4880 ± 50	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
34	Le-3173	4990 ± 45	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
35	Le-3174	5090 ± 50	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
36	Le-3181	5150 ±100	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
37	Le-3176	5170 ±70	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
38	Le-3925	3870 ± 290	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
39	Le-3168	3890 ± 60	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
40	Le-3171	4250 ± 40	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
41	Le-3169	4300 ± 40	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
42	Le-3992	4120 ±100	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
43	Le-3177	4170 ±45	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
44	Le-3170	4210 ±45	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
45	Le-1181	4020 ± 80	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
46	Ta-1173	4350 ± 80	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
47	Le-848	4180 ± 50	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
48	Le-1176	4240 ± 90	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
49	Ua-2375	5180 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 1, INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
50	Ua-2376	5120 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 1., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
51	Ua-2377	5030 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 2., INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
52	Ua-2378	4950 ± 90	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 2., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
53	Ua-2379	4840 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 3., INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
54	Ua-2380	5100 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 3., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
55	Ua-2381	4810 ±100	Charred food	A mineral admixture, the potsherd 4., INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
56	Ua-2382	5230 ±100	Charred food	A mineral admixture, the potsherd 4., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
57	Ua-2383	5360 ±130	Charred food	A mineral admixture, the potsherd 5., INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73
58	Ua-2384	5280 ± 80	Charred food	A mineral admixture, the potsherd 5., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

Results from Zedmar A sequence (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_

Phase	Boundary	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement
			Lower horizon	start					4290–4090	4480–4000
					Bln-2162	4230–4000	4240–3980	4240–4100	4320–4000	99.4
end				4220–4060	4250–3970
Gyttja above lower horizon	start				4140–3980	4210–3920
Sand intrusion					4070–3930	4150–3870
Gyttja second layer	start				4000–3890	4060–3830
		Bln-2164	3970–3800	3990–3770	3970–3860	3990–3820	98.8
	end				3950–3850	3980–3810
Upper horizon	start				3900–3810	3950–3790
		Bln-2165	3980–3800	4040–3790	3860–3790	3930–3760	95.1
		Le-1389	3970–3800	4040–3710	3860–3790	3920–3710	102.5
		Le-1388	3800–3630	3950–3530	3870–3730	3910–3650	74.4
	end				3850–3680	3920–3480
Late Neolithic	start				3430–2890	3730–2780
		Le-1343	3020–2690	3100–2610	3330–2860	3350–2680	72.2
	end				3310–2710	3340–2470

Results from modelling so-called “E-group” from Zedmar D (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_

Phase	Boundary	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement
			Early group	start					4040–3830	4210–3790
					Le-3176	4050–3810	4230–3790	3990–3790	4050–3760	84.1
	Le-3181	4050–3790	4240–3710	3970–3770	4040–3700	103.6
	Le-3174	3960–3800	3990–3760	3950–3790	3980–3760	100
	Le-3924	4040–3690	4260–3530	3910–3710	4010–3640	120.5
	Le-3173	3910–3700	3950–3650	3900–3700	3940–3660	103.9
	Le-3626	3800–3530	3950–3380	3810–3650	3950–3620	102.2
	Le-3179	3710–3630	3780–3530	3780–3640	3900–3630	78.1
end				3750–3600	3890–3410

Results from Szczepanki sequence (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_

Phase	Boundary	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement
			Mesolithic/Early Zedmar	start					4650–4360	5280–4340
					Poz-9384	4450–4360	4490–4340	4440–4350	4490–4340	101
	Poz-48943	4320–4070	4330–4050	4330–4160	4330–3110	100.9
end				4310–3840	3930–2410
Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age	start				3180–2470	2620–2340
		MKL-596	2570–2460	2620–2340	2570–2460	2570–1390	98.7
	end				2550–1960	2180–960
Bronze Age	start				1580–1030	1280–920
		Sz8-BA	1200–1000	1260–920	1210–1010	1360BC–120AD	97.9
	end				1210–750

Results from Dudka sequence (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_

Phase	Boundary	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement
	start				6650–6170	7310–6070
Late Mesolithic		Gd-5575	6400–6220	6440–6090	6380–6100	6420–6070	91.3
		Gd-5942	5890–5720	5990–5660	5890–5720	5990–5660	99.9
		Gd-5944	5330–5070	5470–5030	5370–5200	5470–5060	101.3
	end				5290–4880	5360–4550
Early Zedmar	start				4760–4360	5110–4320
		Gd-5365	4450–4340	4500–4260	4450–4330	4500–4260	99
Early/Middle Zedmar	Zedmar				4100–3690	4390–3660
		Gd-2878	3920–3640	3970–3530	3910–3650	3950–3630	105.2
		Gd-2593	3790–3520	3950–3370	3900–3630	3950–3540	101.8
	Middle/ Late Zedmar-Late Neolithic				3760–3530	3870–3390
Late Neolithic		Gd-4457	3900–3520	3960–3370	3670–3370	3760–3350	83.4
		Gd-4871	3320–2700	3350–2620	3490–2950	3630–2700	79
	end of Zedmar				3340–2740	3610–2030

Combined 14C dates for each fraction from Zedmar D potsherds (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_

Fraction	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Notes
INS older		4050–3810	4230–3790
	Ua-2383	4330–4050	4470–3820	Mineral temper, potsherd 5
	Ua-2375	4230–3800	4260–3710	Organic temper, potsherd 1
	Ua-2377	3950–3710	4040–3640	Organic temper, potsherd 2
INS younger		3700–3520	3770–3370
	Ua-2379	3770–3380	3930–3370	Organic temper, potsherd 3
	Ua-2381	3700–3380	3800–3360	Mineral temper, potsherd 4
SOL		4040–3810	4050–3800
	Ua-2384	4240–3990	4330–3960	Mineral temper, potsherd 5
	Ua-2382	4230–3960	4330–3800	Mineral temper, potsherd 4
	Ua-2376	4040–3780	4230–3690	Organic temper, potsherd 1
	Ua-2380	4040–3770	4230–3650	Organic temper, potsherd 3
	Ua-2378	3910–3640	3970–3530	Organic temper, potsherd 2

Combined 14C dates for each potsherd from Zedmar D (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_

Potsherd	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Notes
1		4050–3800	4230–3770
	Ua-2375	4230–3800	4260–3710
	Ua-2376	4040–3780	4230–3690
2		3930–3670	3950–3650
	Ua-2377	3950–3710	4040–3640
	Ua-2378	3910–3640	3970–3530
3		3910–3660	3950–3640
	Ua-2379	3770–3380	3930–3370
	Ua-2380	4040–3770	4230–3650
4		3950–3710	3970–3660	X-test failed
	Ua-2381	3700–3380	3800–3360
	Ua-2382	4230–3960	4330–3800
5		4240–4040	4330–3980
	Ua-2383	4330–4050	4470–3820
	Ua-2384	4240–3990	4330–3960

Results from modelling combined 14C dates for each potsherd (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_ The fourth potsherd was excluded from calculations_

Phase	Boundary Name		Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement	Notes
	start				4280–3990	4800–3830
		1 O	4050–3800	4230–3770	4040–3810	4160–3770	87.4	Organic temper. sherd 1
Zedmar D potsherds		2 O	3930–3670	3950–3650	3950–3720	3960–3660	104.3	Organic temper. sherd 2
		3 O	3910–3660	3950–3640	3950–3710	3960–3660	103.7	Organic temper. sherd 3
		5 M	4240–4040	4330–3980	4130–3970	4270–3950	72.8	Mineral temper. sherd 5
	end				3900–3590	3950–3110

Combined 14C dates for organic and mineral temper from Zedmar D (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_ Result from mineral temper after excluding the Ua-2381 sample_

Temper	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Notes
Organic		3950–3770	3960–3710
	Ua-2376	4040–3780	4230–3690	Organic temper, potsherd 1
	Ua-2375	4230–3800	4260–3710	Organic temper, potsherd 1
	Ua-2378	3910–3640	3970–3530	Organic temper, potsherd 2
	Ua-2377	3950–3710	4040–3640	Organic temper, potsherd 2
	Ua-2379	3770–3380	3930–3370	Organic temper, potsherd 3
	Ua-2380	4040–3770	4230–3650	Organic temper, potsherd 3
Mineral		4230–4000	4260–3970
	Ua-2382	4230–3960	4330–3800	Mineral temper, potsherd 4
	Ua-2383	4330–4050	4470–3820	Mineral temper, potsherd 5
	Ua-2384	4240–3990	4330–3960	Mineral temper, potsherd 5

Results from modelling combined 14C dates for each potsherd (OxCal v_ 4_2_4)_ The fifth potsherd and the older sample (Ua-2382) from the fourth sherd were excluded from calculations_

Phase	Boundary Name		Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement	Notes
	start				4060–3790	4440–3710
		1 O	4050–3800	4230–3770	3980–3770	4040–3710	87.4	Organic temper. sherd 1
Zedmar D potsherds		2 O	3930–3670	3950–3650	3910–3690	3940–3660	104.3	Organic temper. sherd 2
		3 O	3910–3660	3950–3640	3910–3690	3940–3650	103.7	Organic temper. sherd 3
		Ua-2381	3700–3380	3800–3360	3890–3590	3940–3500	72.8	Mineral temper. sherd 4
	end				3780–3480	3930–3120