Absolute chronology of the Zedmar culture: Re-thinking radiocarbon dates

Magdalena Kozicka

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Absolute chronology of the Zedmar culture: Re-thinking radiocarbon dates

Magdalena Kozicka

| 16 nov. 2017

Geochronometria

Édition 44 (2017): Edition 1 (January 2017)

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Publié en ligne: 16 nov. 2017

Pages: 256 - 268

Reçu: 30 juin 2016

Accepté: 24 mars 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0067

Mots clés
the Zedmar culture, Subneolithic, South-Eastern Baltic, radiocarbon dating, modelled chronology

© 2016 M. Kozicka

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

The ZC site location. 1 – Utinoe Boloto 1 and 2, 2 – Zedmar A and D, 3 – Dudka, 4 – Szczepanki 8 and 8A (www.dmaps.com/m/europa/baltique/baltique20.gil; modified).

Sequence model for Dudka (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Sequence model for Szczepanki 8 and 8A after correlated stratigraphical data (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Sequence model for Zedmar A (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

The so-called “E-group” from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Combined 14C estimations for each potsherd (Ox-Cal v. 4.2.4).

The radiocarbon dates obtained from the ZC sites.

No.	Lab no.	Age BP	Material	Notes	References
				DUDKA

1	Gd-5575	7420 ± 80	-	Late Mesolithic	Gumiński, 1998: 103

2	Gd-5942	6910 ± 80	-	Late Mesolithic	Gumiński, 1998: 103

3	Poz-3913	6645 ± 30	Human bone	Grave VI-17; with one “post Zedmar” potsherd	Gumiński, 2014: 125

4	Gd-5944	6270 ± 70	-	Late Mesolithic	Gumiński, 1998: 103

5	Gd-5365	5540 ± 60	-	Trench II	Gumiński and Fiedorczuk, 1990: 54

6	Gd-2878	4960 ± 90	-	Trench II	Gumiński and Fiedorczuk, 1990: 54

7	Gd-4457	4880 ±120	-	Leyer with the Late Neolithic, Trench III	Gumiński and Fiedorczuk, 1990: 69

8	Gd-2593	4870 ± 110	-	Trench II	Gumiński and Fiedorczuk, 1990: 54

9	Gd-4871	4320 ±120	-	Leyer with the Late Neolithic, Trench III	Gumiński, 1998: 103

				SZCZEPANKI 8

10	Poz-9384	5580 ± 40	Charred food	A potsherd with organic and mineral admixture, from layer with “early Zedmar” materials and the Mesolithic	Gumiński, 2005: 57; 2011b: 90

11	Sz8-BA Lab no. unknown, substitute name.	2900 ± 60	-	The Bronze Age layer	Gumiński, 2011b: 90

12	MKL-596	3980 ± 40	-	The layer with the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age materials	Gumiński, 2011b: 90

				SZCZEPANKI 8A

13	Poz-48943	5360 ± 35	The ornamented oar	The layer with “early Zedmar” materials and the Mesolithic	Gumiński, 2011b: 90

				UTINOE BOLOTO 1

14	Le-1237	4870 ± 230	Charcoal	-	Timofeev, 1980: 14

				UTINOE BOLOTO 2

15	UB-2 Lab no. unknown, substitute name.	4920 ± 200	Bone fragment	Experimental date from LOIA lab	Timofeev, 1980: 45

				ZEDMAR A

16	Le-1343	4260 ± 80	Charcoal	Layer above teh upper horizon, which is linked with younger assembladges	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

17	Le-1270	6000 ± 90	Piece of wood	The pole dug into the ZC layer	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

18	Le-1388	4920 ± 80	Charcoal	The upper horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

19	Le-1389	5100 ± 60	Charcoal	The upper horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

20	Bln-2165	5120 ± 50	Charcoal	The upper horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

21	Le-1319	4730 ±140	Gyttja	The second layer	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

22	Bln-2164	5100 ± 50	Gyttja	The second layer	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

23	Bln-2163	5300 ± 60	Gyttja	Above the lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

24	Le-1386	4870 ± 80	Charcoal	The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

25	Le-1387	4900 ± 80	Charcoal	The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

26	Le-3923	5130 ±100	Charcoal	The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

27	Bln-2162	5280 ± 50	Charcoal	The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

28	Le-1268	4955 ±110	Charcoal	From the bottom of the The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

29	Le-1269	5440 ± 90	Charcoal	From the bottom of the The lower horizon	Timofeev, 1980: 9; Timofeev et al., 1998: 74

				ZEDMAR D

30	Le-3626	4890 ±100	Gyttja	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 23; 1998: 72-73

31	Le-3921	5640 ± 300	Antler tool	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

32	Le-3924	5070 ±150	Gyttja	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

33	Le-3179	4880 ± 50	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

34	Le-3173	4990 ± 45	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

35	Le-3174	5090 ± 50	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

36	Le-3181	5150 ±100	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

37	Le-3176	5170 ±70	Piece of wood	The “E group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

38	Le-3925	3870 ± 290	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

39	Le-3168	3890 ± 60	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

40	Le-3171	4250 ± 40	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

41	Le-3169	4300 ± 40	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

42	Le-3992	4120 ±100	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

43	Le-3177	4170 ±45	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

44	Le-3170	4210 ±45	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

45	Le-1181	4020 ± 80	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

46	Ta-1173	4350 ± 80	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

47	Le-848	4180 ± 50	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

48	Le-1176	4240 ± 90	Piece of wood	The “L group”	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

49	Ua-2375	5180 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 1, INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

50	Ua-2376	5120 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 1., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

51	Ua-2377	5030 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 2., INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

52	Ua-2378	4950 ± 90	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 2., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

53	Ua-2379	4840 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 3., INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

54	Ua-2380	5100 ±100	Charred food	An organic admixture, the potsherd 3., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

55	Ua-2381	4810 ±100	Charred food	A mineral admixture, the potsherd 4., INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

56	Ua-2382	5230 ±100	Charred food	A mineral admixture, the potsherd 4., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

57	Ua-2383	5360 ±130	Charred food	A mineral admixture, the potsherd 5., INS fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

58	Ua-2384	5280 ± 80	Charred food	A mineral admixture, the potsherd 5., SOL fraction	Timofeev et al., 1995: 25; 1998: 73

Results from Zedmar A sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Phase	Boundary	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement
			Lower horizon	start					4290–4090	4480–4000

					Bln-2162	4230–4000		4240–3980	4240–4100	4320–4000	99.4

end					4220–4060	4250–3970

Gyttja above lower horizon	start					4140–3980	4210–3920

Sand intrusion					4070–3930	4150–3870

Gyttja second layer	start				4000–3890	4060–3830

		Bln-2164	3970–3800	3990–3770	3970–3860	3990–3820	98.8

	end				3950–3850	3980–3810

Upper horizon	start				3900–3810	3950–3790

		Bln-2165	3980–3800	4040–3790	3860–3790	3930–3760	95.1

		Le-1389	3970–3800	4040–3710	3860–3790	3920–3710	102.5

		Le-1388	3800–3630	3950–3530	3870–3730	3910–3650	74.4

	end				3850–3680	3920–3480

Late Neolithic	start				3430–2890	3730–2780

		Le-1343	3020–2690	3100–2610	3330–2860	3350–2680	72.2

	end				3310–2710	3340–2470

Results from modelling so-called “E-group” from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Phase	Boundary	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement
			Early group	start					4040–3830	4210–3790

					Le-3176	4050–3810		4230–3790	3990–3790	4050–3760	84.1

	Le-3181	4050–3790		4240–3710	3970–3770	4040–3700		103.6

	Le-3174	3960–3800		3990–3760	3950–3790	3980–3760	100

	Le-3924	4040–3690		4260–3530	3910–3710	4010–3640	120.5

	Le-3173	3910–3700		3950–3650	3900–3700	3940–3660	103.9

	Le-3626	3800–3530		3950–3380	3810–3650	3950–3620	102.2

	Le-3179	3710–3630		3780–3530	3780–3640	3900–3630	78.1

end					3750–3600	3890–3410

Results from Szczepanki sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Phase	Boundary	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement
			Mesolithic/Early Zedmar	start					4650–4360	5280–4340

					Poz-9384	4450–4360		4490–4340	4440–4350	4490–4340	101

	Poz-48943	4320–4070		4330–4050	4330–4160	4330–3110	100.9

end					4310–3840	3930–2410

Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age	start					3180–2470	2620–2340

		MKL-596		2570–2460	2620–2340	2570–2460	2570–1390	98.7

	end				2550–1960	2180–960

Bronze Age	start				1580–1030	1280–920

		Sz8-BA	1200–1000	1260–920	1210–1010	1360BC–120AD	97.9

	end				1210–750

Results from Dudka sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Phase	Boundary	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement
	start				6650–6170	7310–6070

Late Mesolithic		Gd-5575	6400–6220	6440–6090	6380–6100	6420–6070	91.3

		Gd-5942	5890–5720	5990–5660	5890–5720	5990–5660	99.9

		Gd-5944	5330–5070	5470–5030	5370–5200	5470–5060	101.3

	end				5290–4880	5360–4550

Early Zedmar	start				4760–4360	5110–4320

		Gd-5365	4450–4340	4500–4260	4450–4330	4500–4260	99

Early/Middle Zedmar	Zedmar				4100–3690	4390–3660

		Gd-2878	3920–3640	3970–3530	3910–3650	3950–3630	105.2

		Gd-2593	3790–3520	3950–3370	3900–3630	3950–3540	101.8

	Middle/ Late Zedmar-Late Neolithic				3760–3530	3870–3390

Late Neolithic		Gd-4457	3900–3520	3960–3370	3670–3370	3760–3350	83.4

		Gd-4871	3320–2700	3350–2620	3490–2950	3630–2700	79

	end of Zedmar				3340–2740	3610–2030

Combined 14C dates for each fraction from Zedmar D potsherds (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Fraction	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Notes
INS older		4050–3810	4230–3790

	Ua-2383	4330–4050	4470–3820	Mineral temper, potsherd 5

	Ua-2375	4230–3800	4260–3710	Organic temper, potsherd 1

	Ua-2377	3950–3710	4040–3640	Organic temper, potsherd 2

INS younger		3700–3520	3770–3370

	Ua-2379	3770–3380	3930–3370	Organic temper, potsherd 3

	Ua-2381	3700–3380	3800–3360	Mineral temper, potsherd 4

SOL		4040–3810	4050–3800

	Ua-2384	4240–3990	4330–3960	Mineral temper, potsherd 5

	Ua-2382	4230–3960	4330–3800	Mineral temper, potsherd 4

	Ua-2376	4040–3780	4230–3690	Organic temper, potsherd 1

	Ua-2380	4040–3770	4230–3650	Organic temper, potsherd 3

	Ua-2378	3910–3640	3970–3530	Organic temper, potsherd 2

Combined 14C dates for each potsherd from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Potsherd	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Notes
1		4050–3800	4230–3770

	Ua-2375	4230–3800	4260–3710

	Ua-2376	4040–3780	4230–3690

2		3930–3670	3950–3650

	Ua-2377	3950–3710	4040–3640

	Ua-2378	3910–3640	3970–3530

3		3910–3660	3950–3640

	Ua-2379	3770–3380	3930–3370

	Ua-2380	4040–3770	4230–3650

4		3950–3710	3970–3660	X-test failed

	Ua-2381	3700–3380	3800–3360

	Ua-2382	4230–3960	4330–3800

5		4240–4040	4330–3980

	Ua-2383	4330–4050	4470–3820

	Ua-2384	4240–3990	4330–3960

Results from modelling combined 14C dates for each potsherd (OxCal v. 4.2.4). The fourth potsherd was excluded from calculations.

Phase	Boundary Name		Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement	Notes
	start				4280–3990	4800–3830

		1 O	4050–3800	4230–3770	4040–3810	4160–3770	87.4	Organic temper. sherd 1

Zedmar D potsherds		2 O	3930–3670	3950–3650	3950–3720	3960–3660	104.3	Organic temper. sherd 2

		3 O	3910–3660	3950–3640	3950–3710	3960–3660	103.7	Organic temper. sherd 3

		5 M	4240–4040	4330–3980	4130–3970	4270–3950	72.8	Mineral temper. sherd 5

	end				3900–3590	3950–3110

Combined 14C dates for organic and mineral temper from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4). Result from mineral temper after excluding the Ua-2381 sample.

Temper	Lab no.	Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Notes
Organic		3950–3770	3960–3710

	Ua-2376	4040–3780	4230–3690	Organic temper, potsherd 1

	Ua-2375	4230–3800	4260–3710	Organic temper, potsherd 1

	Ua-2378	3910–3640	3970–3530	Organic temper, potsherd 2

	Ua-2377	3950–3710	4040–3640	Organic temper, potsherd 2

	Ua-2379	3770–3380	3930–3370	Organic temper, potsherd 3

	Ua-2380	4040–3770	4230–3650	Organic temper, potsherd 3

Mineral		4230–4000	4260–3970

	Ua-2382	4230–3960	4330–3800	Mineral temper, potsherd 4

	Ua-2383	4330–4050	4470–3820	Mineral temper, potsherd 5

	Ua-2384	4240–3990	4330–3960	Mineral temper, potsherd 5

Results from modelling combined 14C dates for each potsherd (OxCal v. 4.2.4). The fifth potsherd and the older sample (Ua-2382) from the fourth sherd were excluded from calculations.

Phase	Boundary Name		Unmodelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Unmodelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 68.2% confidence interval (BC)	Modelled age with 95.4% confidence interval (BC)	Agreement	Notes
	start				4060–3790	4440–3710

		1 O	4050–3800	4230–3770	3980–3770	4040–3710	87.4	Organic temper. sherd 1

Zedmar D potsherds		2 O	3930–3670	3950–3650	3910–3690	3940–3660	104.3	Organic temper. sherd 2

		3 O	3910–3660	3950–3640	3910–3690	3940–3650	103.7	Organic temper. sherd 3

		Ua-2381	3700–3380	3800–3360	3890–3590	3940–3500	72.8	Mineral temper. sherd 4

	end				3780–3480	3930–3120

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Absolute chronology of the Zedmar culture: Re-thinking radiocarbon dates

Publié en ligne: 16 nov. 2017

Pages: 256 - 268

Reçu: 30 juin 2016

Accepté: 24 mars 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0067

Mots clés
the Zedmar culture, Subneolithic, South-Eastern Baltic, radiocarbon dating, modelled chronology

© 2016 M. Kozicka

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

The radiocarbon dates obtained from the ZC sites.

Results from Zedmar A sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Results from modelling so-called “E-group” from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Results from Szczepanki sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Results from Dudka sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Combined 14C dates for each fraction from Zedmar D potsherds (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Combined 14C dates for each potsherd from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Results from modelling combined 14C dates for each potsherd (OxCal v. 4.2.4). The fourth potsherd was excluded from calculations.

Combined 14C dates for organic and mineral temper from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4). Result from mineral temper after excluding the Ua-2381 sample.

Results from modelling combined 14C dates for each potsherd (OxCal v. 4.2.4). The fifth potsherd and the older sample (Ua-2382) from the fourth sherd were excluded from calculations.

Absolute chronology of the Zedmar culture: Re-thinking radiocarbon dates

Publié en ligne: 16 nov. 2017

Pages: 256 - 268

Reçu: 30 juin 2016

Accepté: 24 mars 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0067

Mots clésthe Zedmar culture, Subneolithic, South-Eastern Baltic, radiocarbon dating, modelled chronology

© 2016 M. Kozicka

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

The radiocarbon dates obtained from the ZC sites.

Results from Zedmar A sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Results from modelling so-called “E-group” from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Results from Szczepanki sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Results from Dudka sequence (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Combined 14C dates for each fraction from Zedmar D potsherds (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Combined 14C dates for each potsherd from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4).

Results from modelling combined 14C dates for each potsherd (OxCal v. 4.2.4). The fourth potsherd was excluded from calculations.

Combined 14C dates for organic and mineral temper from Zedmar D (OxCal v. 4.2.4). Result from mineral temper after excluding the Ua-2381 sample.

Results from modelling combined 14C dates for each potsherd (OxCal v. 4.2.4). The fifth potsherd and the older sample (Ua-2382) from the fourth sherd were excluded from calculations.

Mots clés
the Zedmar culture, Subneolithic, South-Eastern Baltic, radiocarbon dating, modelled chronology