<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used to study the soil erosion processes in Edda-Afikpo mesas, Lower Cross River watersheds,Nigeria. The mesas occupy an area estimated at 60km2 on a surface relief of about 284m. DEM data, satellite images and basemap of the area were used. Remotely sensed data were ground-truthed through extensive field works. The results show that the process is facilitated by the Trifecta of hill slope hydrology, geology and land use practices. Steep hill Slope of values 78 % at the major hot spots, very fragile, dry and non-plastic sandy soils all aid sediment detachment. Analysis of the index properties which include Liquid Limit(LL) of 25-30,moisture content(w%) of 5.9-7.4,permeability of 1.541x10-3 – 1.636x10-3 cm/s and shear strength of 36-42 KN/m2 predispose the sediments to detachment and erosion. Based on the analysis, the amount of soil loss in the project area is about 1373.79 ton per year. Soil erosivity factor is high at the mesas(5023.83 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1 - 5069.51 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1) The sandy layer attain thickness of 50m-60m in places and with high pore pressure development, slope failure are triggered during intense storm events. In terms of vulnerability level in erosion risk, high to very high constitute 4.1% of the watershed which translate to 5.05km2 of the 59km2. The various processes occur simultaneously and are exacerbated by human factors through seasonal bush burning and development along drainage lines. The study reveals that 18.8% of the available land for development is at high to very high risk of erosion. The soil loss model has been validated and the hotspots from the map coincide with the gully sites. The results of this research can therefore be used for conservation and adaptation purposes.</abstract>

A Study of the Dynamics of Soil Erosion Using Rusle2 Modelling and Geospatial Tool in Edda-Afikpo Mesas, South Eastern Nigeria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The Zhob Ophiolite is divided into three detached blocks including the Omzha block. The Omzha block is mapped and divided into lithological units such as ultramafic rock, mafic-felsic rock, and volcanic–volcaniclastic–pelagic rocks. These units are quite deformed and mixed up and are associated with one another by thrust faults. Petrography and geochemistry divide them into gabbro, diorite, plagiogranite, pheno-tephrite and trachy-andesite basalt, trachy basalt, chert, limestone, and mudstone. The ultramafic rocks are dominantly serpentinized harzburgite, dunite, and a minor lherzolite. Petrography of peridotite shows that it may be depleted in nature and may have residual after processes such as partial melting and the melt-rock reaction of a lherzolitic source. The gabbroic rocks are less well-developed and highly deformed. They are cross-cut by diorite, plagiogranite and anorthosite’ intrusions. The gabbro may be the plutonic section of Omzha block’ crust while the intermediate-felsic igneous rocks may have formed by the anataxis of crustal gabbro. The volcanic–volcaniclastic–pelagic rocks unit may be corrected with Bagh complex found underneath the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite. The metamorphic sole rocks of Omzha block are highly deformed and dismembered are comprising of metamorphic facies such as amphibolite, quartz-mica schist, and greenschist.</abstract>

Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences

Geology and Petrology of Omzha Block, Zhob Ophiolite, northern Balochistan, Pakistan

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Three dimensional (3D) seismic survey was acquired and processed in Bornu-Chad basin, Nigeria with the aim of detecting and attenuating multiples to aid proper imaging of the subsurface. The 25.5km2 volume was processed using SeisUp processing software on a 32-Node Cluster Infrastructure (CI) hardware. Considering the imaging objectives and depth of interest of 1.2s-4.5s, the minimum, middle and maximum offsets were set at 500-2300m, 2500-4300m and 4500-7300m respectively. Since the study area comprised of dry open land and swampy Lake Chad, vibroseis and dynamite sources were used respectively. Charge depth was 0m (surface) for vibroseis and 25m dynamite. The dataset was first pre-conditioned, normalized, regularized before application of demultiple process. The detection and demultiple processes based on multiple characteristics of periodicity and velocity discrimination were applied as the multiples have comparable velocity with the primaries. The near-surface reverberations and short-period multiples were attenuated using predictive deconvolution and radon transform algorithms. High resolution radon was performed on post-migrated common-mid-point (CMP) gathers and stacked with 1kmx1km target line velocities. Internal multiples were detected and attenuated using data-driven methodology of extended internal multiple prediction (XIMP). Multiples detected were short, long period and interbed multiples on all frequencies ranges of 0 – 90Hz but useful seismic frequency range was between 20Hz and 70Hz. The frequencies and amplitudes of the primaries and multiples were very comparable, therefore great care was taken in the attenuation processes. The results of this work has produced better seismic section for interpretation of subsurface geology in the study area.</abstract>

Land Seismic Multiples Detection and Attenuation In Bornu-Chad Basin, Nigeria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The Oligocene-Early Miocene Nari Formation is widely distributed in the Kirthar thrust-fold belt. The formation in the study area is mainly consist of sandstone and shale. Field observations and detailed petrographic study reveal that these sandstones are mostly fine to medium grained, subangular to subrounded and poorly to moderately sorted. Detrital grains are dominantly quartz ranging in proportion 36-76%, feldspar 7-17% and lithic grains 1-13%, reflecting that these sandstones are compositionally submature. Quartz is mostly monocrystalline with some polycrystalline grains. Feldspar is dominantly plagioclase (albite) with some alkali feldspar (orthoclase and microcline). Lithic fragments are siltstone, mudstone and chert. Biotite and muscovite are present as accessory minerals. Heavy minerals such as apatite, tourmaline, and zircon are present in trace amount. The QFL diagrams show that the sandstones of the Nari formation are subarkose and lithic subarkose. The QtFL, QmFLt ternary diagrams and paleocurrent direction suggest that the sediments were transported from the Indian shield exposed to the northeast of the Nari Basin.</abstract>

Sandstone Composition and Provenance of the Nari Formation, Central Kirthar Fold belt, Pakistan

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This paper focuses on the review of electrical geophysical methods such as electrical resistivity and induced polarization as a technique for mineral exploration. It highlights the general fundamental principles of the electrical methods and result from other investigations. Most rock – forming minerals are insulators, and electrical current is carried through rocks mainly by the passage of ions in pore waters. In light of this, most rocks conduct electricity by electrolytic rather than electronic processes. Since metals and most metallic sulphides conduct electricity efficiently by the flow of electrons, electrical method is efficient and important in environmental investigation especially in areas where metallic objects are the targets and also in the search for sulphide ores. The results from various research showed the applicability of these geophysical ground methods, specially the Induce Polarization method, as a support tool in the identification and selection of exploration targets for test drilling.</abstract>

A Review of Electrical Methods as A Worthy Tool for Mineral Exploration

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Dipole-dipole electrical resistivity tomographic method was applied to investigate the subsurface cavities at Staff Welfare Hospital &amp; School Quetta. A total of 890-meter profile line was covered along five smaller profile lines and fracture zones with maximum 21 meters interval. The cavity system along profile line-1 and 2 was very restricted and had no direct impact on infrastructure while major cavity beneath the building was traced at profile line-3 and line-4 thus constituting a ~20m wide cavity system with 3-4 small interconnected cavities between depths of 7 to 21 meters. This system was also traced at profile line-4 at a depth of 10 meters having a reduced width of 10m. At profile line-5, a few other cavities were detected that proved imperceptible due to limitations in data acquisition. To conclude, the cavity systems traced in profile line-3 and profile line-4 were the most perilous ones and are commonly the foremost reason for building collapse.</abstract>

Subsurface Cavity Detection Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (Ert); A Case Study from Southern Quetta, Pakistan

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 4 (2020): Issue 2 (December 2020)

Volume 4 (2020): Issue 1 (June 2020)

Volume 3 (2019): Issue 2 (December 2019)

Volume 3 (2019): Issue 1 (June 2019)

Pakistan Journal of Geology

 The Indian subcontinent is well respected for its growing research activity in the geosciences, particularly in circum-Himalayan earth science. The Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG) is a peer-reviewed journal for geologists in Pakistan. The PJG publishes scientific papers, notes, and discussions in the broadly defined fields of geoscience, ones that are related to the geology of Asia. Contributions from Europe and Middle East and Africa are also welcome given the strategic location of the Indian subcontinent as well as topical studies on any geoscience-related discipline. The production, publication, and distribution of the PJG are managed by Zibeline International Publishing. The subject matter includes geology, geophysics, physical geography and pedology. Prospective contributors should consult recent issues of the journal to see whether a planned submission is appropriate. All research articles in this journal have undergone rigorous peer review, based on an initial editorial screening and single-blind refereeing.   The Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG) is intended for the dissemination of scientific themes of broad interest and original character related to the Geosciences of Pakistan and neighboring countries, including modern processes and new field and laboratory techniques. There are four regular and two theme-based issues per year.  The PJG publishes articles, fast communications, articles with accelerated review, letters to the Editor, editorials and review articles.  The abstracts may be written in Urdu or, preferably, in English.  Articles – the main publication model consists of up to 8,000 words, including references. Fragmented articles will not be accepted (E.g. part 1, part 2). The articles must be readable, regardless of any previous article.  Discussions – a section designated for disclosing comments on recently published articles, followed by the replies of the author(s) of the original work. Both texts must be brief, objective and concise.  Book Reviews – The reviews are published by invitation of the Editors.  Geological News – this concerns news which deserves rapid communication.   The Pakistan Journal of Geology intends to publish on:    The geology of the Indian subcontinent, Asia, Europe, Africa and Mediterranean including both onshore and offshore records.  Papers on the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.  Papers on the structure and properties of the Earth’s crust, tectonophysics, geophysics, economic geology (petroleum and metallic studies).  Papers on the paleontology, stratigraphy, sedimentology and palaeoenvironments of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.  Papers on the aspects of Quaternary geology, hydrogeology, geomorphology, geohazard and climate change.  Papers on the aspects of the Geosciences that have a societal relevance including Geoheritage, Geotourism, Geoeducation, Geoconservation and Earth management.  Papers on Geoinformatics, Remote Sensing and GIS.  Papers on the history of geology in the Indian subcontinent, Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Europe.   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 