<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Electric cars have a lot of promise in future energy markets as a manageable load. A popular vehicle-to-grid control interface, which enables the aggregation of the charging mechanism for energy management in the distribution grid, is one of the most significant road blocks to realize this opportunity. Understanding the ecology of electric transportation and integrating it in local communities to alleviate the energy shortage at peak hours is very complicated. In this research paper, recent standardization initiatives aimed at overcoming obstacles such as the integration of electric cars into smart grids are discussed. A charge control scheme focused on vehicle-to-grid connectivity is implemented. It is observed that the rise of environmentally sustainable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, is straining the power network and their infrequent power generation is causing problems in power system operation, regulation and planning. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the electricity grid has been proposed to overcome grid load variations. Finally, the article discusses the incorporation of renewable energy sources and latest potential solutions involving electric vehicles.
</abstract>

M.Sc. Student, University of Engineering and Technology

M.Sc. Student, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Assistant Professor, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Assistant Professor, University of Engineering and Technology

Integration of EVs through RES with Controlled Interfacing

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This article offers an overview of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems (DS). The primary goal of this study is to assess the performance of DGs in DS. Due to the rise in electrical energy consumption, it is anticipated that DG sources would be essential to DS. Future power generating networks have a bright outlook on consideration of DG’s potential for utilising alternative energy sources. The quality of power systems is a crucial concern for energy providers and consumers. In order to decrease reliance on fossil fuels for the production of electricity, distributed generations are gaining importance in the energy supply networks in many countries. Distributed generators are small units that generate electricity close to customer sites. These DGs use renewable energy methods such as wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy. The incorporation of DGs into a conventional power supply system evolves in a number of side effects, including an increase in the number of short circuits, higher power losses, a decrease in the quality of the energy produced, voltage transients, problems with voltage stability, coordination issues regarding voltage regulation and protection, the possibility that system protection will not function correctly, and the fact that there is less residual current input as a result of the DG bidirectional power flows. This review paper discusses the impacts of the penetration of DG into DS and provides various strategies to mitigate these effects.
</abstract>

Ph.D. Student, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Effect of DGs on Power Quality of Distribution System: An Analytical Review

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This paper presents the idea of implementing various techniques related to sampled-data control for magnetic levitation systems. The control laws are designed to track time-varying signals and employ the feedback linearization technique based on the approximate discrete-time model. State feedback control is introduced with the gains adjusted via the pole placement method. A positional form proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control uses the trapezoidal summation for the integral term and the backward difference method for the derivative term. An input-output linearization feedback control is the most promising one, which incorporates the integrator in addition to the position error and velocity error. The integral action involves the manipulation of regulation error and reduces it with time to improve performance. Finally, controllers were tested in real time for practical demonstration along with a comparison for comprehensive analysis.
</abstract>

Sampled-Data Nonlinear Control of ECP-730 Magnetic Levitation System

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This research study focuses on developing and implementing an IoT-based distribution transformer monitoring and protection system. The traditional methods of transformer protection and monitoring have proven to be inefficient and time-consuming, leading to the need for a more modern and effective solution. In this study, a low-cost prototype system is proposed to handle and control the main functions and problems of the distribution transformer through the internet. The proposed system allows for easy monitoring and protection of the transformer, enabling electric companies to improve efficiency and reduce labour and tool costs. The system is validated using Proteus software to simulate and obtain results from the hardware. The system results are displayed in multiple ways, including LCD, system bar, and internet, making it easier for electric companies and consumers in developing countries like Pakistan to monitor and control distribution transformers efficiently. This research study aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of IoT-based distribution transformer monitoring and protection systems and their potential benefits in enhancing transformer performance and efficiency.
</abstract>

Integrating IoT Technology for Improved Distribution Transformer Monitoring and Protection

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

An approach to optimize centroid-based clustering of flat objects is suggested, which is practically important for efficiently solving metric facility location problems. In such problems, the task is to find the best warehouse locations to optimally service a given set of consumers. An example is assigning mobiles to base stations of a wireless communication network. We suggest a hexagonal-pattern-based approach to partition flat nodes into clusters quicker than the <italic>k</italic>-means algorithm and its modifications do. First, a hexagonal cell lattice is applied to nodes to approximately determine centroids of the clusters. Then the centroids are used as initial centroids to start the <italic>k</italic>-means algorithm. The suggested method is efficient for centroid-based clustering of dense nearly-square point clouds of 0.1 million points and greater by using no fewer than 6 lattice cells along an axis. Compared to <italic>k</italic>-means, our method is at least 10 % faster and it is about 0.01 to 0.07 % more accurate in regular Euclidean distances. In squared Euclidean distances, the accuracy gain is 0.14 to 0.21 %. Applying a hexagonal cell lattice determines an upper bound of the clustering quality gap.
</abstract>

Vinnytsia Institute of Trade and Economics of State University of Trade and Economics

Optimized Centroid-Based Clustering of Dense Nearly-square Point Clouds by the Hexagonal Pattern

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Power factor plays an important role in electrical industries. Low power factor results in loss of power and poor handling capacity. This factor can be overcome by using capacitors in parallel to the load. Since capacitor draws a leading while inductor draws a lagging current, hence by adjusting capacitor banks parallel to the load, it will level the power factor in the line. Earlier, the process of power factor improvement was done through manual connection of capacitor bank. Later a power factor corrector named the automated power factor corrector (APFC) was proposed. It uses a switched capacitor circuit to improve power factor. In this research, the power factor value from the load is measured and it also includes the installation of APFC unit using a PI controller. The design of this auto-adjustable power factor correction scheme is to ensure that the grid power system always operates under the specified power factor. Actual work of APFC is that it selects the capacitor bank for power factor improvement. The capacitor bank block will choose automatically to further improve the power factor. This process goes on until the required power factor is obtained. Later on, this will automatically turn off the connection between the capacitor bank and the circuit. Furthermore, power saving with power factor after improvement is also discussed in the paper. Here APFC plays a key role in order to decrease the time taken to correct the power factor, which is ultimately beneficial to increase the efficiency of the motors and all inductive loads.
</abstract>

PI Controller Based Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) Using Capacitor Bank

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This study examines the development of a novel FPGA-based RMF stirrer system. The system has been designed as a 3-phase system, with each phase being fed by PWM voltage with a phase difference of 120°. In case the system is driven at a 100 % duty cycle, the force acting on the magnetic fish remains continuous and constant until the subsequent phase changes. In such a case, at speeds under 400 rpm, the speed of the magnetic fish fails to be synchronized with the phase change speed. The magnetic fish, therefore, rotates more than 120° and the force is observed to cause a braking effect. Both fluid logic control (FLC) and virtual model control (VMC) were utilised to enable the system to be driven at a different duty cycle. The energy efficiency of the system for fluids with different viscosities has been attempted to be thereby improved with a lower current and shorter excitation time. With FLC and VMC control, the energy consumed by the system is reduced and the efficiency is increased, and approximately 95 % energy gain is obtained for liquids with viscosity up to 1.03 Pa·s. It has been experimentally proven that a lower limit value of the duty cycle of the PWM signal applied to the drive circuit of the system depends on the viscosity of the mixed liquid and a lower limit value increases with increasing viscosity. It has also been found that controlling the system with FLC and VMC does not have a great effect on the energy gain.
</abstract>

A New RMF Stirrer Using AISI4140 Mild Steel: Energy Optimization Application

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 19 (2023): Issue 1 (June 2023)

Volume 18 (2022): Issue 1 (June 2022)

Volume 17 (2021): Issue 1 (June 2021)

Volume 16 (2020): Issue 2 (December 2020)

Volume 16 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)

Volume 15 (2019): Issue 2 (December 2019)

Volume 15 (2019): Issue 1 (September 2019)

Volume 14 (2018): Issue 2 (December 2018)

Volume 14 (2018): Issue 1 (July 2018)

Volume 13 (2017): Issue 1 (December 2017)

Volume 12 (2017): Issue 1 (July 2017)

Volume 11 (2016): Issue 1 (December 2016)

Volume 10 (2016): Issue 1 (July 2016)

Volume 9 (2015): Issue 1 (December 2015)

Volume 8 (2015): Issue 1 (July 2015)

Volume 7 (2014): Issue 1 (December 2014)

Volume 6 (2014): Issue 1 (October 2014)

Volume 5 (2014): Issue 1 (May 2014)

Volume 4 (2013): Issue 1 (December 2013)

Volume 3 (2013): Issue 1 (August 2013)

Volume 2 (2013): Issue 1 (April 2013)

Volume 1 (2012): Issue 1 (December 2012)

Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering

The aim of the Journal of Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTU-ECCE Journal) is to provide an on-line forum for scientific discussions and feedbacks from the scientific society to particular scientists from all over the world on their later scientific achievements in the below mentioned fields.　The journal considers publication of all authors, but gives preference to the post-conference papers after one of the following events (International Scientific Conferences on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University - RTUCON, Workshops on Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering – AIEEE, International Doctoral School of Electrical Energy Conversion and Saving Technologies of Riga Technical University, Doctoral School of Energy and Geotechnology of TalTech), as well as the papers recommended by section editors of the journal. The submissions are reviewed, edited and published in the mentioned priority order.  The scope of RTU-ECCE journal includes (but not limited to) the following areas:    Electrical Engineering and Power Electronics:     Electrical machines, Apparatus, Drives, Motion Control and Robotics;    Components, Design and Application of Power Electronic Converters;    Electromagnetic Compatibility and Interference of Electrical Equipment;    Electrical Materials, Reliability and Diagnostics;    Medical and other Bio-contact Electrical Equipment.    Power and Energy Systems:     Power System Control, Automation, Stability and Protection;    Power Quality and Reliability;    Power Plants, Renewable and Distributed Energy Systems;    Power System Planning, Management, Economic Evaluation and Risk Assessment;    Electricity Market;    Smart Grids &amp; Microgrids.    Information Processing in the context of Electrical and Power Engineering     Electronic Circuits and Systems for Control Applications;    Control Theory, Analysis, Simulation and Implementation Software;    Principles of Physical Transmission and Processing of Information, New Interfaces and Protocols.    Microwave Technique and Antennas     Theory, Analysis and Simulation of Microwave Technique;    Software and Experimental Methods Dedicated for Microwave Equipment;    Antennas, Radar Systems and other Microwave Applications.  The editorial board of RTU-ECCE Journal is always open for discussion on the journal topics.   In 2012 the journal Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering separated from the RTU journal series Power and Electrical Engineering. Why subscribe and read  Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering is a peer-reviewed journal providing the latest information in the field of electrical engineering and information technologies. The journal focuses on recent research in electrical and control engineering paying special attention to the reports which have the most significant practical importance.The journal includes a wide range of publications on electrical and electronic equipment, as well as on other means for energy conversion, information processing and transmission purposes.  Why submit  The journal provides highly qualified feedback on the research, as well as international publicity. The editorial board will continuously care about the citation level of the journal.  Rejection Rate   30%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 