<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The study investigates the variation in population ageing in Polish provinces in 2002, 2010 and 2017. Population ageing was assessed using the median age, proportion of elderly people, double ageing index, ageing index, and old-age dependency ratio. The authors took into account causes that explain changes occurring at the bottom and at the top of the population pyramid. By applying the hybrid approach combining multidimensional scaling with linear ordering (the two-step approach), the authors identified differences in the level of population ageing in a two-dimensional space. The paper applies a new method of automatic data collection from the Local Data Bank using the BDL package and the API interface (Application Programming Interface). The BDL API is a data-sharing service through webservice defining programming interfaces independent of the programming language, whereas the bdl package using this API enables webservice integration with the R statistical environment, eliminating the need for manual data extraction and enabling the automation of recurring activities.</abstract>

Wroclaw University of Economics and Business

Poznan University of Economics and Business

Assessment of Changes in Population Ageing of Polish Provinces in 2002, 2010 and 2017 Using the Hybrid Approach

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The functional principal components analysis joins the advantages of the principal components analysis and provide analysis of dynamic data. The main difference in both methods is the type of data the PCA is based on multivariate data, whereas the FPCA on the functional data including curves and trajectories, i.e. a series of individual observations, not a single observation, as usual. The functional principal components analysis with functional data, will be used in the analysis. This method allows the analysis of dynamic data. The purpose of the article is to apply of functional principal components analysis to the problem of student’s achievements. The article was compared the level of students’ knowledge during different stages of education in 2009-2017. The analysis covers the average exam results after the II, III and IV stage of education.</abstract>

miroslawa.sztemberg-lewandowska@ue.wroc.pl

Functional Principal Components Analysis on the Exemple of the Achievements of Students in the Years 2009-2017

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This article concerns research conducted on the casual connections between modern global migratory processes and basic socio-economic and safety indexes for countries around the world countries. On the basis of new official dataset there was developed a cluster model of countries distributed according to the basic indicators which characterize migratory streams (emigration/immigration), safety and macroeconomic indexes, related to the international migration. It is established that, in general, people are moving to safer countries that can provide them with better opportunities and social guarantees. The factor models for emigration and immigration processes, and international migration in general have been constructed. The main factors that prompt people to change their place of residence and the economic and safe effects of unprecedented levels of international migration are revealed. The empirical research examined in this paper confirmed the causal link between the volumes of international migration flows and the growth of Foreign Direct Investment in home countries and the reduction of security in host countries. The lack of statistical connection between immigration and emigration flows has been established.</abstract>

Modelling Factors Connected with the Effect of International Migration for Security and Economy

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The article presents the risk of occupational burnout observed in health care, as well as possibilities of prevention in this regard. Its authors used their knowledge and experience obtained during the implementation of the international <italic>Time2Grow</italic> project financed from the European Social Fund. The project was dedicated to developing a burnout prevention model mainly in the area of broadly understood health care. The project was implemented in the Polish-Belgian-Finnish partnership, thanks to which it provided great opportunities to benefit from good European practices. The article presents the results of quantitative primary research carried out on Poland in the group of nurses and midwives, as well as selected results of quantitative and qualitative research conducted in Finland on a group of practicing nurses caring for elderly people.</abstract>

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences (XAMK)

Occupational Burnout in Health Care – Analysis of Systemic and Organisational Risks as Well as Possible Preventive Actions

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In the process of sample selection, an important issue is the relationship between sample size and the type and complexity of the statistical model, which is the basis for testing research hypotheses. The paper presents methodological aspects of sample size determination in multilevel structural equation modelling (SEM) in the analysis of satisfaction with the banking products in Poland. The multilevel SEM results from the necessity to take into account both the sample size at the level of individual respondents, as well as at the higher level of analysis and the intraclass correlation coefficient. A comparison of factor loading bias based on the Monte Carlo simulation is made for different cluster sizes and the number of clusters.</abstract>

Sample Size in Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling – The Monte Carlo Approach

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The traditional methods of risk quantification include a sensitivity analysis, a scenario analysis and a historical simulation. The true nature of risk factors changes is ignored in the traditional ‘ceteris paribus’ approach to a sensitivity analysis, hence it can be reflected in a scenario analysis and a historical simulation. The most significant disadvantage of a scenario analysis is the limited number of scenarios, whereas a historical simulation depends on historical data availability and adequacy. The Monte Carlo simulation is a clear answer to the limitations of traditional methods. The changes of risk factors reflected in the Monte Carlo simulation are simultaneous, non-linear and interdependent. The most important aspect of this method is the stage of taking up the assumptions. The purpose of the paper is to indicate that considering several reasonable sets of assumptions for the Monte Carlo simulation simultaneously can bring even more comprehensive information about enterprise risk.</abstract>

Several Sets of Assumptions for the Monte Carlo Simulation for a More Precise Analysis of Enterprise Risk

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The paper attempts to compare European Union countries in terms of the dynamics of changes in the value of lamb meat imports in the period 2003-2017. The standard against which this comparison was made was the average value, which should be understood as the growth dynamics of the examined feature for all EU countries together. For this purpose, tools related to the so-called Grade Data Analysis, such as the index of the unlikeness of structures “<italic>ar</italic>” (in this case a good tool to determine the direction of changes and the speed of these changes for all EU countries) and overrepresentation maps (used to visualise these changes and for their interpretation). Additionally, with the help of GDA methods, EU countries were divided into groups characterised by smaller, medium and higher dynamics of changes in lamb imports. It can be concluded that the most dynamic growth in imports of this type of meat is found among the newest EU member states. This may indicate a change in dietary preferences in these countries. It may also be related to greater accessibility to goods previously considered as luxury, greater awareness of so-called healthy foods and the improved standard of living of societies that have joined the European Union.</abstract>

Institute of Economy and Finances, Department of Econometrics and Statistics

Institute of Economy and Finances, Department of Logistics

Diversification of Lamb Meat Imports in EU Countries and its Trends

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">EU strategy documents, including the Europe 2020 Strategy, emphasise the priority role of industry in the growth of EU economies. The aim of the presented research is to measure and assess the impact of expenditure on research and development (R&amp;D) activities on the competitiveness of manufacturing divisions in Poland. Labour productivity, expressed as (1) a quotient of gross value added and employment, and (2) a quotient of sold production and employment in the analysed manufacturing divisions, was adopted as the measure of competitiveness. The empirical part of the paper is based on data published by the Central Statistical Office. The analysis covers the period 2009-2017 and provides a contribution to determining the role and importance of research and development as well as innovative activities in shaping competitive advantages of manufacturing enterprises. The obtained results for panel models confirm that R&amp;D expenditure is a secondary factor in changes occurring in the Polish manufacturing industry.</abstract>

The Impact of R&amp;D Expenditure on Productivity in the Manufacturing Industry in Poland

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Econometrics

 The Econometrics journal has been published continuously since 1998. Starting from the first issue, Józef Dziechciarz has been an Editor-in-Chief of the journal. Until 2011, the journal was issued in the series of Academic Research Papers at the Wrocław University of Economics as Econometrics. Applications of quantitative methods. Since 2009, four issues have been published annually. It enables the introduction of regular quarterly release cycle. The Econometrics is published in English. The Scientific Council of our journal also includes professors affiliated with foreign institutions. The list of scientific reviewers includes eminent scientists from both home and abroad. Among the authors of the publications are both scientists from Polish academia, as well as many scientists from foreign universities. High level of scientific works, our confidence and insightful comments from reviewers contribute to the publication of valuable articles and dissemination of national scientific achievements. Until the end of 2017, fifty eight issues of the journal were published.  The subject area of the published articles covers theoretical and practical aspects of the methods of econometrics, statistics and mathematics. The domain of applications of these methods covers wider economic issues, including macro and microeconomic analyses; statistical and econometric analysis and modeling market data, as well as capital investment and insurance problems. Social and demographic analyses cover the issues of education, employment and unemployment, poverty, etc. Many studies have cyclical character, published articles show long-term results of research, include a scientific discussion with the reviewers suggestions formulated on the basis of earlier works. This allows to track the progress of scientific research, and the publications appearing in the Econometrics journal are an inspiration to undertake new research challenges.  econometrics.ue.wroc.pl/　   The Econometrics journal is indexed in Google Scholar and details on the citations can be found on Google Scholar Citations.  Also find us at:   Index Copernicus  Erih Plus    Why subscribe and read The Econometrics is a scientific journal that promotes both theoretical aspects of mathematical, statistical and econometric methods as well as application possibilities. It focuses on the presentation of new and modernization of well-known methods as well as their adaptation in economy, business processes and social sciences in a very broad meaning. Due to the fast publishing production, the presented articles refer to the latest research, papers are always up-to-date, original, scientific, never printed before in other scientific journals. The Econometrics is the place of interdisciplinary debate with the participation of economists and statisticians.  Why submit The journal offers a fast, honest and constructive review, carried out in the double blind review process. After acceptance, an article is evaluated by a native speaker and a statistics editor. After acceptance, the publication process is very fast.The Econometrics journal belongs to the group of magazines that are constantly highly rated and enjoy a good reputation among authors and reviewers.  Rejection Rate   32%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 