<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Most people’s private lives can be monitored by smartphone applications (apps). Apps have the potential to invade private spaces, access and map social interactions, track users’ whereabouts, and track their online activities. Our interest is in the volume of data that a specific app can and seeks to retrieve on a smartphone. Smartphone app privacy friendliness is normally evaluated based on single-source analyses, which often do not offer a thorough assessment of the app’s actual privacy threats. In order to analyze Android apps’ privacy, this study proposes a multi-source methodology. Our data sets and methodology from app manifestos, privacy policies, vulnerability analysis and user reviews were described. Results from a case study on ten well-known finance applications operating in Nigeria were provided in order to assess our methodology. Our findings showed distinct patterns regarding the possible privacy implications of apps, with some of the apps in the data set infringing fundamental privacy principles. The case study’s findings reveal significant differences that can guide users in making relevant app choices.
</abstract>

A Multilateral Privacy Impact Analysis Method for Android Applications

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

In this study, the silver extraction potential from waste x-ray films using sodium hydroxide and nitric acid was studied. Sodium hydroxide and nitric acid of different concentrations were used as stripping solutions to determine the optimum leaching concentration. Optimum leaching time and leaching temperature were also investigated by varying the time and temperatures, respectively. The stripped solutions were analysed for silver concentration using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results obtained revealed that, for sodium hydroxide stripping, 26.6 mg kg−1 of silver ion was obtained at an optimum leaching concentration, time and temperature of 1.5 M, 900 minutes and 30 °C. For nitric acid stripping, a maximum concentration of 9830.6 mg kg−1 was obtained at optimum concentration, time and temperature of 4 M, 1,440 minutes and 30 °C. The result revealed that the concentration of leaching agent was a significant factor affecting silver recovery, with nitric acid possessing a much higher recovery rate compared to sodium hydroxide.
</abstract>

Optimizing Silver Extraction Potential from Waste X-Ray Films Using Acid and Alkaline Leaching Agents

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Background: For decades, the resident of Zuru emirate have used herbal medicine to treat liver-related diseases including jaundice. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate and document the herbal medicine used for treating jaundice in Zuru emirate.
Method: Oral interviews and questionnaire were used to document information on medicinal plants, medicinal practices, and demographic profiles of respondents. The medicinal plants that were mentioned were collected, identified, and assigned voucher numbers. The names were further authenticated using <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.theplantlist.org">www.theplantlist.org</ext-link> and theworldfloraonline.org. Thereafter, the methanol stem bark extracts of three of the most frequently mentioned plants were subjected to in vitro bilirubin degradation assay.
Result: A total of 46 TMPs Traditional medicine practitioners responded and cited 28 medicinal plants and medicinal practices used to treat jaundice. The most frequently mentioned plants were Erythrina senegalensis (19.6%) followed by <italic>Cochlospermum planchonii</italic> (13%), and <italic>Anogeissus leiocarpus</italic> (13%). The herbal remedies were prepared using different parts of the plants as boiled juice or powder and mostly taken as juice with pap or fresh raw cow milk. The in vitro bilirubin degradation assay revealed a time-dependent and dose-dependent bilirubin degradation by <italic>Anogeissus leiocarpus</italic> (63.05 %), Erythrina senegalensis (46.33%), and <italic>Cochlospermum planchonii</italic> (27.45%).
Conclusion: The present findings revealed the medicinal plants that are used to treat jaundice and the potential jaundice ameliorative effect of these plants may involve bilirubin degradation. Future in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies should investigate the jaundice ameliorative potency of these plants.
</abstract>

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences

Kebbi State University of Science and Technology

Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Ethnomedicinal study and in vitro validation of medicinal plants used for treating Jaundice in Zuru emirate of Kebbi State, Nigeria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Despite the fact that vegetables are consumed in large quantities in our environment, there is a dearth of literature that focused on the optimum benefits to man especially in the management of disease like Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Nicotine, the major phyto-constituent of <italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic> of the family Solanaceae has been reported to be present in some other species of the family. This study investigated the nicotine content and the dietary components in the leaves and fruits of selected species of cultivated vegetable plants belonging to Solanaceae family. Edible plants from Solanaceae family were grown till the fruiting stage in the experimental farm of Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, while <italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic> was used as the control plant. Plants samples from mature leaves and fruits of each plant were harvested washed with de-ionized water, oven dried at 30°C. Powdered samples were analyzed for mineral and proximate components according to standard procedure and nicotine content were determined with GC-MS. Nicotine remained the major constituent of tobacco. Nicotyrine, a product of nicotine dehydrogenation was also detected in all the plant samples. <italic>Capsicum annum var. accuminatum</italic> fruit displayed the highest nicotine content (0.5543 mg/L) compared to the others with relatively lower quantities. Nicotyrine content was more available in the plant fruits than nicotine, with <italic>C. annum var abbreviatum</italic> displaying more of nicotyrine content (75.3456 mg/L). <italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> displayed the highest moisture contents (19.94 %), followed by tobacco leaf (11.88%). N. tabacum leaf displayed high quantity of protein (56.52%) than other members. The fruits of the solanaceae plant species were rich in carbohydrate, protein with very low amount of fat. This study revealed that the solanaceae plants contained more of nicotyrine than nicotine. In contrast to the previous studies, the nicotine content was higher in the eggplant leaves than the fruits. Eggplant and <italic>Capsicum</italic> species can be recommended for patient suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like PD.
</abstract>

Department of Biological Sciences, Plant Biology and Biotechnology Unit

Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology

Nicotine content and Dietary composition of some cultivated Species of Solanaceae family

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Background</bold>: It is a practice to use traditional medicine for curing various illnesses in West Africa. <italic>Acacia hebecladoides</italic>, <italic>Acacia albida</italic> and <italic>Gmelina arborea</italic> were selected based on their traditional belief for treating various ailments such as: hallucinations, inflammation and tuberculosis. The study sought to validate the antitubercular activity, antioxidant properties and phytochemical components of extracts and fractions of the leaves of selected plants.
<bold>Method:</bold> The antitubercular activities of the plants were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), multidrug-resistant <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> (MDR-TB) and non-mycobacterium tuberculosis (NTM) using the Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) proportion method. Gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS) assay and the antioxidant assays (1,1- diphenyl -2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, total phenolic content (TPC), β-carotene bleaching activity and nitric oxide scavenging activity) were all carried out.
<bold>Results:</bold> All three plant extracts used in the study inhibited <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> with <italic>G. arborea</italic> showing the lowest MIC value of 31.25μg/ml. Also, <italic>G. arborea</italic> inhibited MDR-TB with an MIC value of 125μg/ml. The most active plant, <italic>G. arborea</italic> was fractionated into four partitions, three (aqueous, n-hexane and ethyl acetate) fractions showed inhibitory activity against MTB with an MIC value of 62.5μg/ml. Also n-hexane and chloroform fractions of <italic>G. arborea</italic> showed inhibitory activities against MDR-TB with the lowest MIC value of 31.25μg/ml. The nitric oxide activity of the plant fractions showed that ethyl acetate fraction of <italic>G. arborea</italic> had high nitric oxide antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract <italic>A. hebecladoides</italic> and <italic>G. arborea</italic>, while fractions of <italic>G. arborea</italic> (aqueous, ethyl acetate and chloroform) showed DPPH scavenging activity. The ethanolic extract <italic>A. hebecladoides</italic> and <italic>A. albida</italic>, while aqueous fraction of <italic>G. arborea</italic> had high total phenolic content. The ethanolic extract <italic>G. arborea</italic> and its fractions (aqueous and n hexane) showed β-carotene bleaching inhibition. Twelve compounds were found in the n-hexane fraction of <italic>G. arborea</italic> as 2,3-dihydro-3,5,-6-methy 4H-Pyran-4-one and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were abundant with 35.81% and 19.03% respectively, followed by 3,5-dihydroxy-2-methy-4H-Pyran-4-one (9.82%) and n-Hexadecanoic acid (8.45%).
<bold>Conclusions:</bold> The study carried out showed that ethanolic extract and fractions of <italic>G. arborea</italic> possess inhibitory activities against MTB and MDR-TB. Also ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of <italic>G. arborea</italic> showed high antioxidant activities.
</abstract>

Antitubercular activities, antioxidant properties and GCMS fingerprinting of <italic>Acacia hebecladoides</italic>, <italic>Acacia albida</italic> and <italic>Gmelina arborea</italic>.

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> (Moringa) is a highly valued plant and various parts of this plant are employed for the therapeutic purposes in the indigenous system of medicine. This study was undertaken to compare the phytochemical, mineral, proximate and antioxidant constituents of the aqueous, ethanol and coconut oil extracts of <italic>M. oleifera</italic> leaf, seed and pod. Pulverized samples of the leaves, seeds and pods were extracted separately with distilled water, ethanol and coconut oil. The proximate analysis was carried out using standard AOAC protocols while the mineral contents were analyzed through atomic absorption spectrometry. The phytochemicals and antioxidants constituents of the extracts were analysed using standard protocols. The phytochemical screening of <italic>M. oleifera</italic> revealed the presence of alkaloids in each extract of the leaf, seed and pod in varying concentrations with the absence of phlobatannins in all sampled parts. Proximate composition of <italic>M. oleifera</italic> revealed higher percentage of crude protein (26.05±0.01 %) and total fatty acid (5.42±0.01 %) in the seed, while the leaf had higher percentage of fibre (8.12±0.02 %) and ash (7.82±0.02 %). The pod showed higher percentage of carbohydrate (72.05±0.2 %) and the seed revealed lowest moisture content (3.12±0.01 %) compared to other sampled parts. Sodium was revealed as the highest composition of mineral in each part of the plant. The result for antioxidant activity revealed that the leaf, seed and pod extracts have stronger scavenging effect on nitric oxide radical compared to the standards (ascorbic acid 8467.15μg/ml) and the least scavenging effect on FRAP. The results obtained from this study validate the pharmacological and nutritional potentials of <italic>M. oleifera</italic> and its use in treating different ailments as used in traditional medicine.
</abstract>

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science

Organic and Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry

Comparative Study of the Phytochemical Profile, Proximate Content and Antioxidant Properties of Leaves, Seeds and Pods of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The production of cheap and eco-friendly graphene material for the removal of contaminants in wastewater is necessary for sustainable water treatment. In this study, the production of graphene oxide from agricultural wastes (rind of orange and palm kernel shell) for the adsorption of paracetamol from aqueous solution was examined. The Graphene Oxides (GO) were produced using modified Hummer method and characterized using XRD and FTIR analyses. The kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order equations, while the equilibrium isotherm data were fitted into Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. FTIR spectral indicated mainly the presence of oxygen containing functional groups such as Hydroxyl group (OH) and Carbonyl group (C=O, C-O) confirming the synthesis of graphene oxide. The highest percentage removal of 76.6 from the aqueous paracetamol solution was established at pH 7, adsorbent dose of 0.4 g and contact time of 80 minutes with graphene oxide from palm kernel shell. The adsorption data was best described by pseudo-second-order model (R2---gt--- 0.900) and Freundlich isotherm. Therefore the rind of orange and palm kernel shell can be suitable cheap alternatives to graphite for the synthesis of GO. Modification and further purification of the GO can be carried out to enhance their adsorption capacities.
</abstract>

Adsorption Study of Paracetamol with Graphene oxide Synthesized from Agricultural waste

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Annals of Science and Technology

Volume 7 (2022): Issue 2 (December 2022)

A Multilateral Privacy Impact Analysis Method for Android Applications

Optimizing Silver Extraction Potential from Waste X-Ray Films Using Acid and Alkaline Leaching Agents

Ethnomedicinal study and in vitro validation of medicinal plants used for treating Jaundice in Zuru emirate of Kebbi State, Nigeria

Nicotine content and Dietary composition of some cultivated Species of Solanaceae family

Antitubercular activities, antioxidant properties and GCMS fingerprinting of Acacia hebecladoides, Acacia albida and Gmelina arborea.

Comparative Study of the Phytochemical Profile, Proximate Content and Antioxidant Properties of Leaves, Seeds and Pods of Moringa oleifera

Adsorption Study of Paracetamol with Graphene oxide Synthesized from Agricultural waste

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