SARS-CoV-2, SARS and MERS: Three formidable coronaviruses which have originated from bats

[1] Ahmadpoor P., Rostaing L.: Why the immune system fails to mount an adaptive immune response to a COVID-19 infection. Transpl. Int., 2020; 33: 824–825 AhmadpoorP. RostaingL. Why the immune system fails to mount an adaptive immune response to a COVID-19 infection Transpl. Int. 2020 33 824 825 10.1111/tri.13611 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Al-Tawfiq J.A., Zumla A., Memish Z.A.: Travel implications of emerging coronaviruses: SARS and MERS-CoV. Travel Med. Infect. Dis., 2014; 12: 422–428 Al-TawfiqJ.A. ZumlaA. MemishZ.A. Travel implications of emerging coronaviruses: SARS and MERS-CoV Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2014 12 422 428 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.06.007 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Assiri A., McGeer A., Perl T.M., Price C.S., Al Rabeeah A.A., Cummings D.A., Alabdullatif Z.N., Assad M., Almulhim A., Makhdoom H., Madani H., Alhakeem R., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Cotton M., Watson S.J.: Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med., 2013; 369: 407–416 AssiriA. McGeerA. PerlT.M. PriceC.S. Al RabeeahA.A. CummingsD.A. AlabdullatifZ.N. AssadM. AlmulhimA. MakhdoomH. MadaniH. AlhakeemR. Al-TawfiqJ.A. CottonM. WatsonS.J. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus N. Engl. J. Med. 2013 369 407 416 10.1056/NEJMoa1306742 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Baud D., Qi X., Nielsen-Saines K., Musso D., Pomar L., Favre G.: Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2020; 20: 773 BaudD. QiX. Nielsen-SainesK. MussoD. PomarL. FavreG. Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020 20 773 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30195-X Search in Google Scholar

[5] Bosch B.J., van der Zee R., de Haan C.A., Rottier P.J.: The corona-virus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: Structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. J. Virol., 2003; 77: 8801–8811 BoschB.J. van der ZeeR. de HaanC.A. RottierP.J. The corona-virus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: Structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex J. Virol. 2003 77 8801 8811 10.1128/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Cai X.F., Chen J., Hu J.L., Long Q.X., Deng H.J., Liu P., Fan K., Liao P., Liu B.Z., Wu G.C., Chen Y.K., Li Z.J., Wang K., Zhang X.L., Tian W.G., et al.: A peptide-based magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for serological diagnosis of corona virus disease 2019. J. Infect. Dis., 2020; 222: 189–193 CaiX.F. ChenJ. HuJ.L. LongQ.X. DengH.J. LiuP. FanK. LiaoP. LiuB.Z. WuG.C. ChenY.K. LiZ.J. WangK. ZhangX.L. TianW.G. A peptide-based magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for serological diagnosis of corona virus disease 2019 J. Infect. Dis. 2020 222 189 193 10.1101/2020.02.22.20026617 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Carter L.J., Garner L.V., Smoot J.W., Li Y., Zhou Q., Saveson C.J., Sasso J.M., Gregg A.C., Soares D.J., Beskid T.R., Jervey S.R., Liu C.: Assay techniques and test development for COVID-19 diagnosis. ACS Cent. Sci., 2020; 6: 591–605 CarterL.J. GarnerL.V. SmootJ.W. LiY. ZhouQ. SavesonC.J. SassoJ.M. GreggA.C. SoaresD.J. BeskidT.R. JerveyS.R. LiuC. Assay techniques and test development for COVID-19 diagnosis ACS Cent. Sci. 2020 6 591 605 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00501719745732382657 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Cascella M., Rajnik M., Cuomo A., Dulebohn S.C., Di Napoli R.: Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). Stat-Pearls Publishing, 2020 CascellaM. RajnikM. CuomoA. DulebohnS.C. Di NapoliR. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19) Stat-Pearls Publishing 2020 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Chan J.F., Kok K.H., Zhu Z., Chu H., To K.K., Yuan S., Yuen K.Y.: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2020; 9: 221–236 ChanJ.F. KokK.H. ZhuZ. ChuH. ToK.K. YuanS. YuenK.Y. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2020 9 221 236 10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902706720431987001 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Chen Z.M., Fu J.F., Shu Q., Chen Y.H., Hua C.Z., Li F.B., Lin R., Tang L.F., Wang T.L., Wang W., Wang Y.S., Xu W.Z., Yang Z.H., Ye S., Yuan T.M., Zhang C.M., Zhang Y.Y.: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World J. Pediatr., 2020: 16: 240–246 ChenZ.M. FuJ.F. ShuQ. ChenY.H. HuaC.Z. LiF.B. LinR. TangL.F. WangT.L. WangW. WangY.S. XuW.Z. YangZ.H. YeS. YuanT.M. ZhangC.M. ZhangY.Y. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus World J. Pediatr. 2020 16 240 246 10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5709116632026148 Search in Google Scholar

[11] de Wit E., van Doremalen N., Falzarano D., Munster V.J.: SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2016;. 14: 523–534 de WitE. van DoremalenN. FalzaranoD. MunsterV.J. SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2016 14 523 534 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81709782227344959 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Donnelly C.A., Ghani A.C., Leung G.M., Hedley A.J., Fraser C, Riley S., Abu-Raddad L.J., Ho L.M., Thach T.Q., Chau P., Chan K.P., Lam T.H., Tse L.Y., Tsang T., Liu S.H., Kong J.H., Lau E.M., Ferguson N.M., Anderson R.M.: Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Lancet, 2003; 361: 1761–1766 DonnellyC.A. GhaniA.C. LeungG.M. HedleyA.J. FraserC RileyS. Abu-RaddadL.J. HoL.M. ThachT.Q. ChauP. ChanK.P. LamT.H. TseL.Y. TsangT. LiuS.H. KongJ.H. LauE.M. FergusonN.M. AndersonR.M. Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Lancet 2003 361 1761 1766 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13410-1 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Drosten C., Günther S., Preiser W., van der Werf S., Brodt H.R., Becker S., Rabenau H., Panning M., Kolesnikova L., Fouchier R.A., Berger A., Burguière A.M., Cinatl J., Eickmann M., Escriou N., et al.: Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003; 348: 1967–1976 DrostenC. GüntherS. PreiserW. van der WerfS. BrodtH.R. BeckerS. RabenauH. PanningM. KolesnikovaL. FouchierR.A. BergerA. BurguièreA.M. CinatlJ. EickmannM. EscriouN. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome N. Engl. J. Med. 2003 348 1967 1976 10.1056/NEJMoa03074712690091 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Du Z., Xu X., Wu Y., Wang L., Cowling B.J., Meyers L.A.: Serial interval of COVID-19 among publicly reported confirmed cases. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2020; 26: 1341–1343 DuZ. XuX. WuY. WangL. CowlingB.J. MeyersL.A. Serial interval of COVID-19 among publicly reported confirmed cases Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020 26 1341 1343 10.3201/eid2606.200357725848832191173 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Fehr A.R., Perlman S.: Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. In: Coronaviruses. Methods and Protocols, eds.: H.J. Maier, E. Bickerton, P. Britton. Springer, 2015: 1–23 FehrA.R. PerlmanS. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis In: Coronaviruses. Methods and Protocols eds.: MaierH.J. BickertonE. BrittonP. Springer 2015 1 23 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1436938525720466 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., Howley P.M.: Fundamental Virology. Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia; 1996 FieldsB.N. KnipeD.M. HowleyP.M. Fundamental Virology Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 1996 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Gallagher T.M., Buchmeier M.J.: Coronavirus spike proteins in viral entry and pathogenesis. Virology, 2001; 279: 371–374 GallagherT.M. BuchmeierM.J. Coronavirus spike proteins in viral entry and pathogenesis Virology 2001 279 371 374 10.1006/viro.2000.0757713376411162792 Search in Google Scholar

[18] García L.F.: Immune response, inflammation, and the clinical spectrum of COVID-19. Front. Immunol., 2020; 11: 1441 GarcíaL.F. Immune response, inflammation, and the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 Front. Immunol. 2020 11 1441 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01441730859332612615 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Gorbalenya A.E., Baker S.C., Baric R.S., de Groot R.J., Drosten C., Gulyaeva A.A., Haagmans B.L., Lauber C., Leontovich A.M., Neuman B.W., Penzar D., Perlman S., Poon L.L., Samborskiy D., Sidorov I.A., et al.: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. BioRxiv, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862 GorbalenyaA.E. BakerS.C. BaricR.S. de GrootR.J. DrostenC. GulyaevaA.A. HaagmansB.L. LauberC. LeontovichA.M. NeumanB.W. PenzarD. PerlmanS. PoonL.L. SamborskiyD. SidorovI.A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group BioRxiv 2020 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862 10.1101/2020.02.07.937862 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Gralinski L.E., Menachery V.D.: Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 2020; 12: 135 GralinskiL.E. MenacheryV.D. Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV Viruses 2020 12 135 10.3390/v12020135707724531991541 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Guan W.J., Ni Z.Y., Hu Y., Liang W.H., Ou C.Q., He J.X., Liu L., Shan H., Lei C.L, Hui D.S., Du B., Li L.J., Zeng G., Yuen K.Y., Chen R.C., et al.: Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020; 382: 1708–1720 GuanW.J. NiZ.Y. HuY. LiangW.H. OuC.Q. HeJ.X. LiuL. ShanH. LeiC.L HuiD.S. DuB. LiL.J. ZengG. YuenK.Y. ChenR.C. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China N. Engl. J. Med. 2020 382 1708 1720 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032709281932109013 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Guan Y., Zheng B.J., He Y.Q., Liu X.L., Zhuang Z.X., Cheung C.L., Luo S.W., Li P.H., Zhang L.J., Guan Y.J., Butt K.M., Wong K.L., Chan K.W., Lim W., Shortridge K.F., Yuen K.Y., Peiris J.S.M., Poon L.L.: Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS corona-virus from animals in southern China. Science, 2003; 302: 276–278 GuanY. ZhengB.J. HeY.Q. LiuX.L. ZhuangZ.X. CheungC.L. LuoS.W. LiP.H. ZhangL.J. GuanY.J. ButtK.M. WongK.L. ChanK.W. LimW. ShortridgeK.F. YuenK.Y. PeirisJ.S.M. PoonL.L. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS corona-virus from animals in southern China Science 2003 302 276 278 10.1126/science.108713912958366 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Haagmans B.L., Al Dhahiry S.H., Reusken C.B., Raj V.S., Galiano M., Myers R., Godeke G.J., Jonges M., Farag E., Diab A., Ghobashy H., Alhajri F., Al-Thani M., Al-Marri S.A., Al Romaihi H.E., et al.: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: An outbreak investigation. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2014; 14: 140–145 HaagmansB.L. Al DhahiryS.H. ReuskenC.B. RajV.S. GalianoM. MyersR. GodekeG.J. JongesM. FaragE. DiabA. GhobashyH. AlhajriF. Al-ThaniM. Al-MarriS.A. Al RomaihiH.E. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: An outbreak investigation Lancet Infect. Dis. 2014 14 140 145 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70690-X Search in Google Scholar

[24] Habibzadeh P., Stoneman E.K.: The novel coronavirus: A bird’s eye view. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 2020; 11: 65–71 HabibzadehP. StonemanE.K. The novel coronavirus: A bird’s eye view Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2020 11 65 71 10.15171/ijoem.2020.1921720550932020915 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Han Q., Lin Q., Jin S., You L.: Recent insights into 2019-nCoV: A brief but comprehensive review. J. Infect., 2020; 80: 373–377 HanQ. LinQ. JinS. YouL. Recent insights into 2019-nCoV: A brief but comprehensive review J. Infect. 2020 80 373 377 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.010710258132109444 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Hijawi B., Abdallat M., Sayaydeh A., Alqasrawi S., Haddadin A., Jaarour N., Alsheikh S., Alsanouri T.: Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: Epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation. East. Mediterr. Health J., 2013; 19: S12–S18 HijawiB. AbdallatM. SayaydehA. AlqasrawiS. HaddadinA. JaarourN. AlsheikhS. AlsanouriT. Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: Epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation East. Mediterr. Health J. 2013 19 S12 S18 10.26719/2013.19.supp1.S12 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Hoffmann M., Kleine-Weber H., Schroeder S., Krüger N., Herrler T., Erichsen S., Schiergens T.S., Herrler G., Wu N.H., Nitsche A., Müller M.A., Drosten C., Pöhlmann S.: SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell, 2020; 181: 271–280 HoffmannM. Kleine-WeberH. SchroederS. KrügerN. HerrlerT. ErichsenS. SchiergensT.S. HerrlerG. WuN.H. NitscheA. MüllerM.A. DrostenC. PöhlmannS. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor Cell 2020 181 271 280 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y., Zhang L., Fan G., Xu J., Gu X., Cheng Z., Yu T., Xia J., Wei Y., Wu W., et al.: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020; 395: 497–506 HuangC. WangY. LiX. RenL. ZhaoJ. HuY. ZhangL. FanG. XuJ. GuX. ChengZ. YuT. XiaJ. WeiY. WuW. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Lancet 2020 395 497 506 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Huang C., Wen T., Shi F.J., Zeng X.Y., Jiao Y.J.: Rapid detection of IgM antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus via colloidal gold nanoparticle-based lateral-flow assay. ACS Omega, 2020; 5: 12550–12556 HuangC. WenT. ShiF.J. ZengX.Y. JiaoY.J. Rapid detection of IgM antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus via colloidal gold nanoparticle-based lateral-flow assay ACS Omega 2020 5 12550 12556 10.1021/acsomega.0c01554724173232542208 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Hunter J.C., Nguyen D., Aden B., Al Bandar Z., Al Dhaheri W., Abu Elkheir K., Khudair A., Al Mulla M., El Saleh F., Imambaccus H., Al Kaabi N., Sheikh F.A., Sasse J., Turner A., Abdel Wareth L., et al.: Transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona-virus infections in healthcare settings, Abu Dhabi. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2016; 22: 647–656 HunterJ.C. NguyenD. AdenB. Al BandarZ. Al DhaheriW. Abu ElkheirK. KhudairA. Al MullaM. El SalehF. ImambaccusH. Al KaabiN. SheikhF.A. SasseJ. TurnerA. Abdel WarethL. Transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona-virus infections in healthcare settings, Abu Dhabi Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016 22 647 656 10.3201/eid2204.151615480697726981708 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Kanne J.P.: Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China: Key points for the radiologist. Radiology, 2020; 295: 16–17 KanneJ.P. Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China: Key points for the radiologist Radiology 2020 295 16 17 10.1148/radiol.2020200241723336232017662 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Lee N., Hui D., Wu A., Chan P., Cameron P., Joynt G.M., Ahuja A., Yung M.Y., Leung C.B., To K.F., Lui S.F., Szeto C.C., Chung S., Sung J.J.: A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003; 348: 1986–1994 LeeN. HuiD. WuA. ChanP. CameronP. JoyntG.M. AhujaA. YungM.Y. LeungC.B. ToK.F. LuiS.F. SzetoC.C. ChungS. SungJ.J. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong N. Engl. J. Med. 2003 348 1986 1994 10.1056/NEJMoa03068512682352 Search in Google Scholar

[33] Lee P.I., Hsueh P.R.: Emerging threats from zoonotic coronaviruses-from SARS and MERS to 2019-nCoV. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., 2020; 53: 365–367 LeeP.I. HsuehP.R. Emerging threats from zoonotic coronaviruses-from SARS and MERS to 2019-nCoV J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2020 53 365 367 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.001 Search in Google Scholar

[34] Leo Y.S., Chen M., Heng B.H., Lee C.C.: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-Singapore, 2003. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 2003; 52: 405–411 LeoY.S. ChenM. HengB.H. LeeC.C. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-Singapore, 2003 MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2003 52 405 411 Search in Google Scholar

[35] Leung G.M., Hedley A.J., Ho L.M., Chau P., Wong I.O., Thach T.Q., Ghani A.C., Donnelly C.A., Fraser C., Riley S., Ferguson N.M., Anderson R.M., Tsang T., Leung P.Y., Wong V., Chan J.C., Tsui E., Lo S.V., Lam T.H.: The epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the 2003 Hong Kong epidemic: An analysis of all 1755 patients. Ann. Intern. Med., 2004; 141: 662–673 LeungG.M. HedleyA.J. HoL.M. ChauP. WongI.O. ThachT.Q. GhaniA.C. DonnellyC.A. FraserC. RileyS. FergusonN.M. AndersonR.M. TsangT. LeungP.Y. WongV. ChanJ.C. TsuiE. LoS.V. LamT.H. The epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the 2003 Hong Kong epidemic: An analysis of all 1755 patients Ann. Intern. Med. 2004 141 662 673 10.7326/0003-4819-141-9-200411020-00006 Search in Google Scholar

[36] Li P., Fu J.B., Li K.F., Liu J.N., Wang H.L., Liu L.J., Chen Y., Zhang Y.L., Liu S.L., Tang A., Tong Z.D., Yan J.B.: Transmission of COVID-19 in the terminal stages of the incubation period: A familial cluster. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2020; 96: 452–453 LiP. FuJ.B. LiK.F. LiuJ.N. WangH.L. LiuL.J. ChenY. ZhangY.L. LiuS.L. TangA. TongZ.D. YanJ.B. Transmission of COVID-19 in the terminal stages of the incubation period: A familial cluster Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2020 96 452 453 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.027 Search in Google Scholar

[37] Liu Y., Gayle A.A., Wilder-Smith A., Rocklöv J.: The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J. Travel Med., 2020; 27: taaa021 LiuY. GayleA.A. Wilder-SmithA. RocklövJ. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus J. Travel Med. 2020 27 taaa021 10.1093/jtm/taaa021 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Lu C.W., Liu X.F., Jia Z.F.: 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored. Lancet, 2020; 395: e39 LuC.W. LiuX.F. JiaZ.F. 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored Lancet 2020 395 e39 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30313-5 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Lu R., Zhao X., Li J., Niu P., Yang B., Wu H., Wang W., Song H., Huang B., Zhu N., Bi Y., Ma X., Zhan F., Wang L., Hu T., et al.: Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel corona-virus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 2020; 395: 565–574 LuR. ZhaoX. LiJ. NiuP. YangB. WuH. WangW. SongH. HuangB. ZhuN. BiY. MaX. ZhanF. WangL. HuT. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel corona-virus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding Lancet 2020 395 565 574 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8 Search in Google Scholar

[40] Mirzaie A., Halaji M., Dehkordi F.S., Ranjbar R., Noorbazargan H.: A narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract., 2020; 40: 101214 MirzaieA. HalajiM. DehkordiF.S. RanjbarR. NoorbazarganH. A narrative literature review on traditional medicine options for treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2020 40 101214 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101214783180932891290 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Nishiura H., Kobayashi T., Yang Y., Hayashi K.., Miyama T., Kinoshita R., Linton N.M., Jung S.M., Yuan B., Suzuki A., Akhmetzhanov A.R.: The rate of underascertainment of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection: Estimation using Japanese passengers data on evacuation flights. J. Clin. Med., 2020; 9: 419 NishiuraH. KobayashiT. YangY. HayashiK.. MiyamaT. KinoshitaR. LintonN.M. JungS.M. YuanB. SuzukiA. AkhmetzhanovA.R. The rate of underascertainment of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection: Estimation using Japanese passengers data on evacuation flights J. Clin. Med. 2020 9 419 10.3390/jcm9020419707429732033064 Search in Google Scholar

[42] Pasternak A.O., Spaan W.J., Snijder E.J.: Nidovirus transcription: How to make sense…? J. Gen. Virol., 2006; 87: 1403–1421 PasternakA.O. SpaanW.J. SnijderE.J. Nidovirus transcription: How to make sense…? J. Gen. Virol. 2006 87 1403 1421 10.1099/vir.0.81611-016690906 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Perlman S., Netland J.: Coronaviruses post-SARS: Update on replication and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2009; 7: 439–450 PerlmanS. NetlandJ. Coronaviruses post-SARS: Update on replication and pathogenesis Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009 7 439 450 10.1038/nrmicro2147283009519430490 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Phan T.: Novel coronavirus: From discovery to clinical diagnostics. Infect. Genet. Evol., 2020; 79: 104211 PhanT. Novel coronavirus: From discovery to clinical diagnostics Infect. Genet. Evol. 2020 79 104211 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104211712979932007627 Search in Google Scholar

[45] Postnikova E.N., Pettitt J., Van Ryn C.J., Holbrook M.R., Bollinger L., Yú S., Caì Y., Liang J., Sneller M.C., Jahrling P.B., Hensley L.E., Kuhn J.H., Fallah M.P., Bennett R.S., Reilly C.: Scalable, semiautomated fluorescence reduction neutralization assay for qualitative assessment of Ebola virus-neutralizing antibodies in human clinical samples. PLoS One, 2019; 14: e0221407 PostnikovaE.N. PettittJ. Van RynC.J. HolbrookM.R. BollingerL. YúS. CaìY. LiangJ. SnellerM.C. JahrlingP.B. HensleyL.E. KuhnJ.H. FallahM.P. BennettR.S. ReillyC. Scalable, semiautomated fluorescence reduction neutralization assay for qualitative assessment of Ebola virus-neutralizing antibodies in human clinical samples PLoS One 2019 14 e0221407 10.1371/journal.pone.0221407 Search in Google Scholar

[46] Poutanen S.M., Low D.E., Henry B., Finkelstein S., Rose D., Green K., Tellier R., Draker R., Adachi D., Ayers M., Chan A.K., Skowronski D.M., Salit I., Simor A.E., Slutsky A.S., et al: Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003; 348: 1995–2005 PoutanenS.M. LowD.E. HenryB. FinkelsteinS. RoseD. GreenK. TellierR. DrakerR. AdachiD. AyersM. ChanA.K. SkowronskiD.M. SalitI. SimorA.E. SlutskyA.S. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada N. Engl. J. Med. 2003 348 1995 2005 10.1056/NEJMoa030634 Search in Google Scholar

[47] Raj V.S., Farag E.A., Reusken C.B., Lamers M.M., Pas S.D., Voermans J., Smits S.L., Osterhaus A.D., Al-Mawlawi N., Al-Romaihi H.E., Al. Hajri M.M., El-Sayed A.M., Mohran K.A., Ghobashy H., Alhajri F., et al.: Isolation of MERS coronavirus from a dromedary camel, Qatar, 2014. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2014; 20: 1339–1342 RajV.S. FaragE.A. ReuskenC.B. LamersM.M. PasS.D. VoermansJ. SmitsS.L. OsterhausA.D. Al-MawlawiN. Al-RomaihiH.E. Al. HajriM.M. El-SayedA.M. MohranK.A. GhobashyH. AlhajriF. Isolation of MERS coronavirus from a dromedary camel, Qatar, 2014 Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014 20 1339 1342 10.3201/eid2008.140663 Search in Google Scholar

[48] Raj V.S., Mou H., Smits S.L., Dekkers D.H., Müller M.A., Dijkman R., Muth D., Demmers J.A., Zaki A., Fouchier R.A., Thiel V., Drosten C., Rottier P.J., Osterhaus A.D., Bosch B.J., et al.: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature, 2013; 495: 251–254 RajV.S. MouH. SmitsS.L. DekkersD.H. MüllerM.A. DijkmanR. MuthD. DemmersJ.A. ZakiA. FouchierR.A. ThielV. DrostenC. RottierP.J. OsterhausA.D. BoschB.J. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC Nature 2013 495 251 254 10.1038/nature12005 Search in Google Scholar

[49] Reusken C.B., Haagmans B.L., Müller M.A., Gutierres C., Godeke G.J., Meyer B., Muth D., Raj V.S., Smits-De Vries L., Corman V.M., Drexler J.F., Smits S.L., El Tahir Y.E., De Sousa R., van Beek J., et al.: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: A comparative serological study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2013; 13: 859–866 ReuskenC.B. HaagmansB.L. MüllerM.A. GutierresC. GodekeG.J. MeyerB. MuthD. RajV.S. Smits-De VriesL. CormanV.M. DrexlerJ.F. SmitsS.L. El TahirY.E. De SousaR. van BeekJ. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: A comparative serological study Lancet Infect. Dis. 2013 13 859 866 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70164-6 Search in Google Scholar

[50] Shi Y., Wang Y., Shao C., Huang J., Gan J., Huang X., Bucci E., Piacentini M., Ippolito G., Melino G.: COVID-19 infection: The perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ., 2020; 27: 1451–1454 ShiY. WangY. ShaoC. HuangJ. GanJ. HuangX. BucciE. PiacentiniM. IppolitoG. MelinoG. COVID-19 infection: The perspectives on immune responses Cell Death Differ. 2020 27 1451 1454 10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3709191832205856 Search in Google Scholar

[51] Tang Y.W., Schmitz J.E., Persing D.H., Stratton C.W.: Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19: Current issues and challenges. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2020; 58: e00512–20 TangY.W. SchmitzJ.E. PersingD.H. StrattonC.W. Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19: Current issues and challenges J. Clin. Microbiol. 2020 58 e00512 20 10.1128/JCM.00512-20726938332245835 Search in Google Scholar

[52] Tindale L., Coombe M., Stockdale J.E., Garlock E.S., Lau W.Y., Saraswat M., Lee Y.H., Zhang L., Chen D., Wallinga J., Colijn C.: Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19. MedRxiv, 2020: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20029983 TindaleL. CoombeM. StockdaleJ.E. GarlockE.S. LauW.Y. SaraswatM. LeeY.H. ZhangL. ChenD. WallingaJ. ColijnC. Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19 MedRxiv 2020 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20029983 10.1101/2020.03.03.20029983 Search in Google Scholar

[53] Tu W., Tang H., Chen F., Wei Y., Xu T., Liao K., Xiang N., Shi G., Li Q., Feng Z.: Epidemic update and risk assessment of 2019 novel coronavirus – China, January 28, 2020. China CDC Wkly., 2020; 2: 83–86 TuW. TangH. ChenF. WeiY. XuT. LiaoK. XiangN. ShiG. LiQ. FengZ. Epidemic update and risk assessment of 2019 novel coronavirus – China, January 28, 2020 China CDC Wkly. 2020 2 83 86 10.46234/ccdcw2020.024 Search in Google Scholar

[54] Wan Y., Shang J., Graham R., Baric R.S., Li F.: Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J. Virol., 2020; 94: e00127–20 WanY. ShangJ. GrahamR. BaricR.S. LiF. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus J. Virol. 2020 94 e00127 20 10.1128/JVI.00127-20708189531996437 Search in Google Scholar

[55] Wandtke T., Woźniak J., Kopiński P.: Aptamers in diagnostics and treatment of viral infections. Viruses, 2015; 7: 751–780 WandtkeT. WoźniakJ. KopińskiP. Aptamers in diagnostics and treatment of viral infections Viruses 2015 7 751 780 10.3390/v7020751435391525690797 Search in Google Scholar

[56] Wang J.T. Sheng W.H., Fang C.T., Chen Y.C., Wang J.L., Yu C.J., Chang S.C., Yang P.C.: Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes of SARS patients. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2004; 10: 818–824 WangJ.T. ShengW.H. FangC.T. ChenY.C. WangJ.L. YuC.J. ChangS.C. YangP.C. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes of SARS patients Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004 10 818 824 10.3201/eid1005.030640332321215200814 Search in Google Scholar

[57] Wertheim J.O.: A glimpse into the origins of genetic diversity in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2020; 71: 721–722 WertheimJ.O. A glimpse into the origins of genetic diversity in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020 71 721 722 10.1093/cid/ciaa213710814532129842 Search in Google Scholar

[58] Wise J.: Patient with new strain of coronavirus is treated in intensive care at London hospital. Br. Med. J., 2012; 345: e6455 WiseJ. Patient with new strain of coronavirus is treated in intensive care at London hospital Br. Med. J. 2012 345 e6455 10.1136/bmj.e645523008211 Search in Google Scholar

[59] Wu F., Zhao S., Yu B., Chen Y.M., Wang W., Song Z.G., Hu Y., Tao Z.W., Tian J.H., Pei Y.Y., Yuan M.L., Zhang Y.L., Dai F.H., Liu Y., Wang O.M., et al.: A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 2020; 579: 265–269 WuF. ZhaoS. YuB. ChenY.M. WangW. SongZ.G. HuY. TaoZ.W. TianJ.H. PeiY.Y. YuanM.L. ZhangY.L. DaiF.H. LiuY. WangO.M. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China Nature 2020 579 265 269 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3 Search in Google Scholar

[60] Wu J.L., Tseng W.P., Lin C.H., Lee T.F., Chung M.Y., Huang C.H., Chen S.Y., Hsueh P.R., Chen S.C.: Four point-of-care lateral flow immunoassays for diagnosis of COVID-19 and for assessing dynamics of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. J. Infect., 2020; 81: 435–442 WuJ.L. TsengW.P. LinC.H. LeeT.F. ChungM.Y. HuangC.H. ChenS.Y. HsuehP.R. ChenS.C. Four point-of-care lateral flow immunoassays for diagnosis of COVID-19 and for assessing dynamics of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 J. Infect. 2020 81 435 442 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.023 Search in Google Scholar

[61] Xia S., Yan L., Xu W., Agrawal A.S., Algaissi A., Tseng C.T., Wang Q., Du L., Tan W., Wilson I.A., Jiang S., Yang B., Lu L.: A pan-corona-virus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike. Sci. Adv., 2019; 5: eaav4580 XiaS. YanL. XuW. AgrawalA.S. AlgaissiA. TsengC.T. WangQ. DuL. TanW. WilsonI.A. JiangS. YangB. LuL. A pan-corona-virus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike Sci. Adv. 2019 5 eaav4580 10.1126/sciadv.aav4580 Search in Google Scholar

[62] Xu J., Zhao S., Teng T., Abdalla A.E., Zhu W., Xie L., Wang Y., Guo X.: Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses, 2020; 12: 244 XuJ. ZhaoS. TengT. AbdallaA.E. ZhuW. XieL. WangY. GuoX. Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Viruses 2020 12 244 10.3390/v12020244 Search in Google Scholar

[63] Xu Z., Shi L., Wang Y., Zhang J., Huang L., Zhang C., Liu S., Zhao P., Liu H., Zhu L., Tai Y., Bai C., Gao T., Song J., Xia P., Dong J., Zhao J., Wang F.S.: Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir. Med., 2020; 8: 420–422 XuZ. ShiL. WangY. ZhangJ. HuangL. ZhangC. LiuS. ZhaoP. LiuH. ZhuL. TaiY. BaiC. GaoT. SongJ. XiaP. DongJ. ZhaoJ. WangF.S. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome Lancet Respir. Med. 2020 8 420 422 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X Search in Google Scholar

[64] Zaigham M., Andersson O.: Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 2020: 99: 823–829 ZaighamM. AnderssonO. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2020 99 823 829 10.1111/aogs.13867726209732259279 Search in Google Scholar

[65] Zaki A.M., van Boheemen S., Bestebroer T.M., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.A.: Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2012; 367: 1814–1820 ZakiA.M. van BoheemenS. BestebroerT.M. OsterhausA.D. FouchierR.A. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia N. Engl. J. Med. 2012 367 1814 1820 10.1056/NEJMoa121172123075143 Search in Google Scholar

[66] Zhang F., Abudayyeh O.O., Gootenberg J.S.: A protocol for detection of COVID-19 using CRISPR diagnostics. https://www.broadinstitute.org/files/publications/special/COVID-19%20detection%20(updated).pdf ZhangF. AbudayyehO.O. GootenbergJ.S. A protocol for detection of COVID-19 using CRISPR diagnostics https://www.broadinstitute.org/files/publications/special/COVID-19%20detection%20(updated).pdf Search in Google Scholar

[67] Zhang H., Kang Z., Gong H., Xu D., Wang J., Li Z., Li Z., Cui X., Xiao J., Zhan J., Meng T., Zhou W., Liu J., Xu H.: Digestive system is a potential route of COVID-19 infection: An analysis of single-cell coexpression pattern of key proteins in viral entry process. Gut, 2020; 69: 1010–1018 ZhangH. KangZ. GongH. XuD. WangJ. LiZ. LiZ. CuiX. XiaoJ. ZhanJ. MengT. ZhouW. LiuJ. XuH. Digestive system is a potential route of COVID-19 infection: An analysis of single-cell coexpression pattern of key proteins in viral entry process Gut 2020 69 1010 1018 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953 Search in Google Scholar

[68] Zhang W., Du R.H., Li B., Zheng X.S., Yang X.L., Hu B., Wang Y.Y., Xiao G.F., Yan B., Shi Z.L., Zhou P.: Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: Implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2020; 9: 386–389 ZhangW. DuR.H. LiB. ZhengX.S. YangX.L. HuB. WangY.Y. XiaoG.F. YanB. ShiZ.L. ZhouP. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: Implication of multiple shedding routes Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2020 9 386 389 10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071704822932065057 Search in Google Scholar

[69] Zhou P., Yang X.L., Wang X.G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., Si H.R., Zhu Y., Li B., Huang C.L., Chen H.D., Chen J., Luo Y., Guo H., Jiang R.D., et al.: Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia utbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. BioRxiv, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952 ZhouP. YangX.L. WangX.G. HuB. ZhangL. ZhangW. SiH.R. ZhuY. LiB. HuangC.L. ChenH.D. ChenJ. LuoY. GuoH. JiangR.D. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia utbreak in humans and its potential bat origin BioRxiv 2020 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.22.914952 10.1101/2020.01.22.914952 Search in Google Scholar

[70] Zhou P., Yang X.L., Wang X.G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., Si H.R., Zhu Y., Li B., Huang C.L., Chen H.D., Chen J., Luo Y., Guo H., Jiang R.D., et al.: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020; 579: 270–273 ZhouP. YangX.L. WangX.G. HuB. ZhangL. ZhangW. SiH.R. ZhuY. LiB. HuangC.L. ChenH.D. ChenJ. LuoY. GuoH. JiangR.D. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin Nature 2020 579 270 273 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7709541832015507 Search in Google Scholar