Virology |
Betacoronavirus lineage 2C |
Betacoronavirus lineage 2B |
Betacoronavirus lineage B |
Receptor |
hDPP4 |
ACE2 |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) |
Genome Size |
30.1kb |
27.9kb |
29.9kb |
Source |
Evolutionary origin: bats Intermediate host: Not yet confirmed camel is the likely host Limited |
Evolutionary origin: horseshoe bats Intermediate host: palm civets, raccoon dogs, and Chinese ferret badger |
Evolutionary origin: horseshoe bat Intermediate host: Pangolin, cats |
Epidemiology |
Zoonotic, human to human transmission, the disease is mostly localized in the Middle East, Eastern Africa, and Northern Africa |
Human to human transmission is well-recognized, affected many countries |
Human-to-human transmission respiratory droplets is the major route of transmission, fecal-oral route of transmission is considered but unconfirmed, Vertical transmission |
Respiratory failure |
More common |
Less common |
More common |
Travel association |
Limited travel-associated exposure |
Recognized travel-associated exposure |
Recognized travel-associated exposure |
Incubation period |
0–16 days |
2–8 days |
4–8 days |
Male to Female Ratio |
3.3:1 |
1:1.3 |
2.7:1 |
Clinical presentation |
Unpredictable and erratic clinical course ranging from asymptomatic illness to severe pneumonia |
A typical biphasic clinical course |
Fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath, and most patients (80%) experienced mild illness. |
Laboratory Features |
Leukopenia (42.6%), thrombocytopenia (46.6%), and elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (42.7%) |
Lymphopenia, features of low grade disseminated intravascular coagulation (thrombocytopenia, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, elevated D-Dimer), elevated alanine transaminases (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine kinase (CPK) |
Higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) and α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) |