MRSA in Pig Population

Agerso Y., H. Hasman, L.M. Cavaco, K. Pedersen and F.M. Aarestrup. 2011. Study of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inn Danish pigs at slaughter and in imported retail meat reveals a novel MRSA type in slaughter pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 157: 246–250.10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.02322245403 Search in Google Scholar

Batisti A., A. Franco, G. Merialdi, H. Hasman, M. Juresica, R. Lorenzetti, F. Feltrin, M. Ini and F.M. Aerestrup. 2010. Hetero- genity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Italian pig finishing holdings. Vet. Microbiol. 142: 361–366.10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.00819914010Search in Google Scholar

Broens E.M., E.A.M. Graat, P.J. Van DerWolf, A.W. Van De Giessen and M.C.M. De Jong. 2011. Transmission of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among pigs during transportation from farm to abbatoir. Vet. J. 189: 302–305.10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.08.00320850359 Search in Google Scholar

Carr J. 1998. Garth Pig Stockmanship Standards. 5M Enterprises, London. Search in Google Scholar

Chambers H.F. 1997. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci: molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications. Clin. Microbiol. 10: 781–791.10.1128/CMR.10.4.7811729449336672 Search in Google Scholar

Cohn L.A. and J.R.A. Middleton. 2010. Veterinary perspective of methicillin-resistant staphylococci J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care. 29: 31–45.10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00497.x20230433 Search in Google Scholar

Crombe F., G. Willems, M. Dispas, M. Hallin, O. Denis, C. Suetens, B. Gordts, M. Struelens and P. Butaye. 2012. Prevalencce and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among pigs in Belgium. Microb. Drug. Resist. 18: 25–131.10.1089/mdr.2011.013822088147 Search in Google Scholar

Cunny C., C. Stanek and W. Witte. 2009. MRSA from the point of view of the RKI: evidence in humans and other animals – a coming zoonosis? (in German). Dtsch. Tierarzaltz. Wochensschr. 116: 284–290. Search in Google Scholar

Cui S., J. Li1, C. Hu1, S. Jin1, F. Li, Y. Guo, L. Ran and Y. Mal. 2009. Isolation and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from swine and workers in China. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64: 680–683.10.1093/jac/dkp27519684078 Search in Google Scholar

Denis O., C. Suetens, M. Hallin, B. Catry, I. Ramboer, M. Dispas, G. Willems, B. Gordts, P. Butaye and M.J. Struelens. 2009. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in swine farm personnel, Belgium. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15(7): 1098–1101. Search in Google Scholar

De Neeling A.J., M.J. Van Broek, E.C. Spalburg, M.G. Van Santen- Verheuvel, W.D. Dam-Daisz, H.C. Boshuizen, A.W. Ven De Giessen, F. Van Duijkeren and H.W. Huijsdens. 2007. High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 122: 366–372.10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.02717367960 Search in Google Scholar

Dewaele I., I. Man, P. Delputte, P. Butaye, G. Vlaemynck, L. Herman, M. Heyndrich and G. Rasschaert. 2013. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on Belgian pig farms. http://www2. llu.lv/research_conf/Formatting.pdf/, 2014.03.02. Search in Google Scholar

EFSA. Analysis of the baseline survey on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in holdings with breeding pigs, in the EU. 2008. EFSA J. 7: 1376.10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1376 Search in Google Scholar

Fesler A.T., R.G.M. Riekerink, A. Rothkamp, K. Kadlec, O.C. Sam- pimon, T.J.G.M. Lam and S. Schwarz. 2012. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 obtained from humans and animals on dairy farms. Vet. Microbiol. 160: 77–84.10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.00522655975 Search in Google Scholar

Friese A., J. Schulz, L. Hoehle, A. Fetsch, B.A. Tehnagen, J. Hartung and U. Roesler. 2012. Occurrence of MRSA in air and housing environment of pig barns. Vet. Microbiol. 158: 129–135.10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.01922386671 Search in Google Scholar

Gomez-Sanz E., C. Torres, C. Lozano, R. Fernandez-Perez, C. Aspiroz, F. Ruiz-Larrea and M. Zarazaga. 2010. Detection, molecular characterization, and clonal diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 and CC97 in Spanish slaughter pigs of different age groups. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7: 1269–1277. Search in Google Scholar

R.J. Gorwitz, D. Kruszon-Mora, S.K. McAllister, G. McQuillan, L.K. McDougal, G.E. Fosheim, B.J. Jensen, G. Kilgore, F.C. Teno- ver and M.J. Kuehnert. 2008. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus in United States, 2001–2004. J. Infect. Dis. 197: 1226–1234.Search in Google Scholar

Guardabassi L., M. Stegger and R. Skov. 2007. Retrospective detection of methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Danish slaughter pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 122: 384–386.10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.02117467199 Search in Google Scholar

Huber H., S. Koller, N. Giezendanner, R. Stephan and C. Zweifel. 2010. Prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in humans in contact with farm animals, in livestock, and in food of animal origin, Switzerland, 2009. Euro Surveil. 15: 9642. Search in Google Scholar

Huijsdens X.W., van B.J. Dijke, E. Spalburg, M.G. van Santen- Verheuvel, M. Heck, G.N. Pluister, A. Voss, W.J.B. Wannet and Search in Google Scholar

A.J. Neeling. Community-acquired MRSA and pig-farming. 2006. Ann. .Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 10: 275–281. Search in Google Scholar

Jackson C.R., J.A. Davis and J.B. Barrett. 2013. Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail meat and humans in Georgia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51: 1199–1207.10.1128/JCM.03166-12366677523363837 Search in Google Scholar

Jordan D., J. Simon, S. Fury, S. Moss, P. Giffard, M. Maiwald, P. Southwell, M.D. Barton, J.E. Axon, S.G. Morris and others. 2011. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by veterinarians in Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 89: 152–159.10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00710.x21495985 Search in Google Scholar

Moodley A, F. Lantronico and L. Guardbassi. 2011. Experimental colonization of pigs with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): insights into the colonization and transmission of livestock-assiciated MRSA. Epidemiol. Infect. 139: 1594–1600.10.1017/S095026881000288821156101 Search in Google Scholar

Muirhead M.R. and J.L.T. Aleksander. 2013. Managing pig health: a reference for the farm. 2^nd edition, Dr. J. Carr, London. Search in Google Scholar

Munckhow W.J., G.R. Nimmo, J.M. Schooneveldt, S. Schlebusch, A.J. Stephens, G. Williams, F. Huygens and O. Giffard. 2009. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including community-associated methicillin-resistant strains, in Queensland adults. Clin. Micribiol. Infect. 15: 149–155.10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02652.x19154489 Search in Google Scholar

Nemati M., K. Hermans, K. Lipinska, U. Denis, O. Deplano, M. Struelens, L.A. Devriesa, F. Pasmans and F. Haesebrouck. 2008. Antimicrobial resistance of old and recent Staphylococcus aureus isolates from poultry: first detection of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant strain ST398. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 3817–3819.10.1128/AAC.00613-08256589218663024 Search in Google Scholar

Normanno G., A. Dambrosio, V. Lorusso, G. Samolis, P. Taranto and A. Parisi. 2015. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in slaughtered pigs and abattoir in Italy. Food Microbiol. 51: 51–56.10.1016/j.fm.2015.04.00726187827 Search in Google Scholar

Overesch G., S. Butner, A. Rossano and V. Perreten. 2011. The increase of meyhicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the presence of an unusual sequence type ST49 in slaughtered pigs in Switzerland. BMC Vet. Res. 7: 30.10.1186/1746-6148-7-30314897121702906 Search in Google Scholar

Pletinckx L., M. Verhegghe, F. Crombe, J. Dewulf, Y. De Blecker, G. Rasschaert, P. Butaye, B.M. Goddeeris and I. De Man. 2013. Evidence of possible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 spread between pigs and other animals and people residing on the same farm. Preven. Vet. Med.109: 293–303.10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.10.01923200313 Search in Google Scholar

Smith T.C., M.J. Male, A.L. Harper, J.S. Kroeger, G.P. Tinkler, E.D. Moritz, A.W. Capuano, L.A. Herwaldt and D.J. Diekema. 2009. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST398 is present in Mildwestern USA. Swine and swine workers. PLoS ONE 4: 4258.10.1371/journal.pone.0004258262628219145257 Search in Google Scholar

Sergio D.M., T.H. Koh, L.Y. Hsu, B.E. Ogden, A.L. Goh and P.K. Chow. 2007. Investigation of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs used for research. J. Med. Microbiol. 56: 1107–1109.10.1099/jmm.0.47283-017644720 Search in Google Scholar

Tenhagen B.A., A. Fetsch, A.B. Stuhrenberg, G. Schleuter, Search in Google Scholar

B. Guerra, J.A. Hammerl, S. Hertwig, J. Kowall, U. Kampe, Search in Google Scholar

A. Schroeter and others. 2009. Prevalence of MRSA types in slaughter pigs in different German abattoirs. Vet. Rec. 165: 589–593.10.1136/vr.165.20.58919915190 Search in Google Scholar

Tiemersma E.W., S.L. Bronzwaer, O. Lyytikäinen, J.E. Degener, P. Schrijnemakers, N. Bruinsma, J. Monen, W. Witte and H. Grundman. 2004. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999–2002. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: 34. Search in Google Scholar

van Loo I.H.M., B.M.W. Diederen, P.H.M. Savelkoul, J.H.C. Woun- derberg, R. Rosendaal, van A. Belkum, N. Lemmans-den Toom, Search in Google Scholar

C. Venhulst, P.H.J. van Keulen and J.A.W. Kluytmans. 2007. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat products. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 1753–1755.10.3201/eid1311.070358337578218217563 Search in Google Scholar

van Cleef B.A.G.L., B.H.B. van Benthem, E.J.M. Verkade, M. van Rijen, M.F.Q. Kluytsmans- van den Bergh, L.M. Schouls, B. Duim, J.A. Wagenaar, H. Graveeland, M.E.H. Bos and others. 2014. Dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus carriage in pig farmers: a prospective cohort study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20: 711–764.10.1111/1469-0691.1258224494859 Search in Google Scholar

van Cleef B.A.G.L., E.M. Broens, A. Voss, X.W. Huijsdens, L. Zuchner, B.H.B. Van Bethem, J.A.J.W. Kluytsmans, M.N. Mulders and A.W. Van De Giessen. 2010. High prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in slaughterhouse workers in contact with live pigs in the Netherlands. Epidemiol. Infect. 138: 756–763.10.1017/S095026881000024520141647 Search in Google Scholar

Van Den Vroek I.V., B.A. Cleef, A. Haenen, E.M. Broens, P.J. Van Der Wolf, M.J. Van Deen Broek, X.W. Huijsdens, J.A. Kluyts- mans, A.W. Van De Giessen and others. 2009. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people living and working in pig farms. Epidemiol. Infect. 137: 700–708.10.1017/S095026880800150718947444 Search in Google Scholar

Van Duijkeren E., R. Ikawaty, M.J. Broekhuizen-Stins, M.D. Jansen, E.C. Spalburg, A.J. De Neeling, J.G. Allaart, A. Van Nes, J.A. Wage- naar and A.C. Fluit. 2008. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains between different kinds of pig farms. Vet. Microbiol. 126: 383–389.10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.02117765409 Search in Google Scholar

Verhegghe M., L.J. Pletinckx, F. Crombe, S. Vam Weyenberg, F. Haesebrouck, P. Butaye, M. Heyndrickx and G. Rasschaert. 2011. Cochort study for presence of livestock-associated MRSA in piglets: effect of sow status at farrowing and determination of the piglet colonization age. Vet. Microbiol. 162: 679–686.10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.01423067724 Search in Google Scholar

Voss A., F. Loeffen, J. Bakker, C. Klaasen and M. Wulf. 2005. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11: 1965–1966.10.3201/eid1112.050428336763216485492 Search in Google Scholar

Weese J.S., A. Zwambag, T. Rosendal, R. Reid-Smith and R. Friendship. 2010. Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci from animals with particular reference to bovine Staphylococcus aureus, porcine Staphylococcus hyicus, and canine Staphylococcus inter me- dius. Vet. Res. 32: 341–362. Search in Google Scholar

Wendlandt S., S. Schwarz and P. Silley. 2003. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a food-borne pathogens? Ann. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 4: 117–139.10.1146/annurev-food-030212-18265323190141 Search in Google Scholar

Wertheim H.F., M.C. Vos, H.A. Boelens, A. Voss, C.M. Vanden- broucke-Grauls, H.M. Meester, J.A. Kluytmans, P.H. ven Keulen and H.A. Verbrugh. 2004. Low prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at hospital admissions in the Netherlands: the value of search and destroy and restrictive antibiotic use. J. Hosp. Infect. 56: 321–325.10.1016/j.jhin.2004.01.02615066745 Search in Google Scholar

Witte W., B. Strommenger, C. Stanek and C. Cunny. 2007. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in Humans and Animals. Cent. Eur 13: 255–258.10.3201/eid1302.060924272586517479888 Search in Google Scholar

Wulf M. and A. Voss. 2008. MRSA in livestock animals – an epidemic waiting to happen? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14: 519–521. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01970.x18325034 Search in Google Scholar