Impact of early glycemic variability on mortality and neurologic outcome of very low birth weight infants: Data from a continuous glucose monitoring system*

1Wentholt IME, Kulik W, Michels RPJ, Hoekstra JBL, DeVries JH. Glucose fluctuations and activation of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes. In: Diabetologia. Vol 51. Springer-Verlag; 2007:183-190. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0842-6 Wentholt IME Kulik W Michels RPJ Hoekstra JBL DeVries JH Glucose fluctuations and activation of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes In Diabetologia Vol 51 Springer-Verlag 2007183–190 10.1007/s00125-007-0842-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2Singh M, Upreti V, Singh Y, Kannapur A, Nakra M, Kotwal N. Effect of glycemic variability on mortality in ICU settings: A prospective observational study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(5):632. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_11_18 Singh M Upreti V Singh Y Kannapur A Nakra M Kotwal N Effect of glycemic variability on mortality in ICU settings: A prospective observational study Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2018225632 10.4103/ijem.IJEM_11_18Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3Tottman AC, Bloomfield FH, Cormack BE, et al. Relationships Between Early Nutrition and Blood Glucose Concentrations in Very Preterm Infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(6):960-966. doi:10.1097/ MPG.0000000000001929 Tottman AC Bloomfield FH Cormack BE et al Relationships Between Early Nutrition and Blood Glucose Concentrations in Very Preterm Infants J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018666960 966 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001929Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4Fendler W, Walenciak J, Mlynarski W, Piotrowski A. Higher glycemic variability in very low birth weight newborns is associated with greater early neonatal mortality. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(7):1122-1126. doi:10.3109/14767058.2011.624220 Fendler W Walenciak J Mlynarski W Piotrowski A Higher glycemic variability in very low birth weight newborns is associated with greater early neonatal mortality J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 20122571122 1126 10.3109/14767058.2011.624220Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5Beardsall K, Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Ahluwalia J, Thompson M, Dunger DB. The continuous glucose monitoring sensor in neonatal intensive care. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90(4):F307-10. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.051979 Beardsall K Ogilvy-Stuart AL Ahluwalia J Thompson M Dunger DB The continuous glucose monitoring sensor in neonatal intensive care Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005904F307 10 10.1136/adc.2004.051979Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity revisited. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960). 2005;123(7):991-999.doi:10.1001/archopht.l23.7.991 International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity revisited Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill 1960 20051237991 99910.1001/archopht.l23.7.991Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7Sinclair JC, Bottino M, Cowett RM. Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 201 1;(10):CD007615. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007615.pub3 Sinclair JC Bottino M Cowett RM Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants Cochrane Database Syst Rev 201 110CD007615 10.1002/14651858.CD007615.pub3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8Hays SP, Smith EO, Sunehag AL. Hyperglycemia Is a Risk Factor for Early Death and Morbidity in Extremely Low Birth-Weight Infants. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):1811-1818. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0628 Hays SP Smith EO Sunehag AL Hyperglycemia Is a Risk Factor for Early Death and Morbidity in Extremely Low Birth-Weight Infants Pediatrics 200611851811 1818 10.1542/peds.2006-0628Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9Garg R, Agthe AG, Donohue PK, Lehmann CU. Hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2003;23(3):186-194. doi:10.1038/ sj.jp.7210879 Garg R Agthe AG Donohue PK Lehmann CU Hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants J Perinatol 2003233186 194 10.1038/sj.jp.7210879Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10Kao LS, Morris BH, Lally KP, Stewart CD, Huseby V, Kennedy KA. Hyperglycemia and morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2006;26(12):730-736. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211593 Kao LS Morris BH Lally KP Stewart CD Huseby V Kennedy KA Hyperglycemia and morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants J Perinatol 20062612730 736 10.1038/sj.jp.7211593Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11Yager JY. Hypoglycemic injury to the immature brain. Clin Perinatol. 2002;29(4):651-74, vi. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12516740 Accessed January 4, 2019. Yager JY Hypoglycemic injury to the immature brain Clin Perinatol 2002294651 74 vi http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12516740 Accessed January 4, 201910.1016/S0095-5108(02)00054-4Search in Google Scholar

12Wu N, Shen H, Liu H, Wang Y, Bai Y, Han P. Acute blood glucose fluctuation enhances rat aorta endothelial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in vivo. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15(l):109. doi:10.1186/sl2933-016-0427-0 Wu N Shen H Liu H Wang Y Bai Y Han P Acute blood glucose fluctuation enhances rat aorta endothelial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in vivo Cardiovasc Diabetol 201615l109 10.1186/sl2933-016-0427-0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

13Ozsurekci Y, Aykac K. Oxidative Stress Related Diseases in Newborns. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:2768365. doi:10.1155/2016/2768365 Ozsurekci Y Aykac K Oxidative Stress Related Diseases in Newborns Oxid Med Cell Longev 201620162768365 10.1155/2016/2768365Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14Galderisi A, Facchinetti A, Steil GM, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Very Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2017;140(4):e20171162. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1162 Galderisi A Facchinetti A Steil GM et al Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Very Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial Pediatrics 20171404e20171162 10.1542/peds.2017-1162Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15Jagła M, Szymońska I, Starzec K, Gach O, Włodarczyk A, Kwinta P. Defining Glycemic Variability in Very Low-Birthweight Infants: Data from a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018;20(11):725-730. doi:10.1089/dia.2018.0168 Jagła M Szymońska I Starzec K Gach O Włodarczyk A Kwinta P. Defining Glycemic Variability in Very Low-Birthweight Infants: Data from a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Diabetes Technol Ther 20182011725 730 10.1089/dia.2018.0168Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16Blanco CL, Baillargeon JG, Morrison RL, Gong AK. Hyperglycemia in extremely low birth weight infants in a predominantly Hispanic population and related morbidities. J Perinatol. 2006;26(12):737-741. doi:10.1038/ sj.jp.7211594 Blanco CL Baillargeon JG Morrison RL Gong AK Hyperglycemia in extremely low birth weight infants in a predominantly Hispanic population and related morbidities J Perinatol 20062612737 741 10.1038/sj.jp.7211594Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17Hellstrom A, Perruzzi C, Ju M, et al. Low IGF-I suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: Direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2001;98(10):5804-5808. doi:10.1073/ pnas.101113998 Hellstrom A Perruzzi C Ju M et al Low IGF-I suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: Direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity Proc Natl Acad Sci 200198105804 5808 10.1073/pnas.101113998Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18Hellstrom A, Hard A-L, Engstrom E, et al. Early Weight Gain Predicts Retinopathy in Preterm Infants: New, Simple, Efficient Approach to Screening. Pediatrics. 2009;123(4):e638-e645. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2697 Hellstrom A Hard A-L Engstrom E et al Early Weight Gain Predicts Retinopathy in Preterm Infants: New, Simple, Efficient Approach to Screening Pediatrics 20091234e638 e645 10.1542/peds.2008-2697Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19Stoltz Sjöström E, Lundgren P, Öhlund I, Holmström G, Hellström A, Domellöf M. Low energy intake during the first 4 weeks of life increases the risk for severe retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2016;101(2):F 108-13. doi:10.1136/ archdischild-2014-306816 Stoltz Sjöström E Lundgren P Öhlund I Holmström G Hellström A Domellöf M Low energy intake during the first 4 weeks of life increases the risk for severe retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 20161012F 108-13 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306816Open DOISearch in Google Scholar